UC-NRLF 


B  ^  ITM  flMT 


I 


iHJRARY 
SOFOCL 


Copyright,  1904  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

/ 

y 


BY  / 

Adele  Millicent/  Smith 


^. 


Exercise  I 

READING  Copy 

The  Reader's  occupation  is  sedentery  in  the  extreme,  t.W 
and  the  monotunous  hum  of  his  own  or  the  Copy- 
>/c;^' holders  voice  is  apt  to  induce  a  drowsy  condition  in 
which  the  most  palpable  blunders  may  escape  notice. 
One  of  the  most  deadly  traps  of  the  inexperenced  is  the^C^/ 
easily  contracted  habit  of  reading  mechanicaly,  with-  .C-/ 
out  atpnding  to  the  sence  while  it  justaseasy  to  err  in   ^  .^j. 
the  other  way,  and  by  reading  solely  for  sense,  to 
^1  be  blind  to  litteral  erors  of   grave  importance.      As 
the  result  of  long  experience,  I  find  that  I  am  rarely 
•Hj        chalenged  as  to  matter  about  which  I  have  had  ,' 

doubts,     it  is  the  false   security  induced  by  0blivion 
V       and  day-dreaming  that  is  pruductive  of  heart-searching 
references  to  copy. 

The  International  Printer. 

The  copy  should  be  read  aloud  to  the  correcter 
by  some  personwhocan  pronoimce  distintly  and  with 
ease  every  word  contained  in  it.  The  correcter 
holds  the  proof  and  the  Reader  the  copy.  CorCec- 
tion  should  be  made  on  the  black  margin,  opposite 
the  lines  in  which  the  erors  are  respectively  found 
and  in  ezactly  the  same  order  in  which  the  errors 
occur.  Corections  are  generally  seperated  from  each 
other  by  obliqe  lines  When  severel  errors  occur  in 
one  line,  the  changes  shuold  bemadeon  the  margen 
nearest  the  several  errors  wich  they  are  intended 
to  corect. 


6G2Giii 


Copyright,  1904  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adhle  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  I 

READING  Copy 

The  Reader's  occupation  is  sedentery  in  the  extreme, 

and  the  monotunous  hum  of   his  own  or  the  Copy- 

\*/     holders  voice  is  apt  to  induse  a  drowsy  condition  in 

which  the  most  palpable  blimders  may  escape  notice. 

One  of  the  most  dedly  traps  of  the  inexperenced  is  the 

easily  contracted  habit  of  reading  mechanicaly,  with- 

"  ^;out  atending  to  the  sence  while  it  justaseasy  to  err  in 

the  other  way,  and  by  reading  solely  for  sense,  to 

be  blind  to  litteral  erors  of   grave  importance.      As 

the  result  of  long  experience,  I  find  that  I  am  rarely 

'chalenged  as  to  matter  about  which  I  have  had 

.c        doubts,     it  is  the  false   security  induced  by  Oblivion 

and  day-dreaming  that  is  pruductive  of  heart-searching 

references  to  copy. 

The  International  Printer. 

The  copy  should  be  read  aloud  to  the  correcter 
by  some  personwhocan  pronounce  distintly  and  with 
ease  every  word  contained  in  it.  The  correcter 
holds  the  proof  and  the  Reader  the  copy.  Corcec- 
tion  should  be  made  on  the  black  margin,  opposite 
the  lines  in  which  the  erors  are  respectively  found 
and  in  ezactly  the  same  order  in  which  the  errors 
occur.  Corections  are  generally  seperated  from  each 
other  by  obliqe  lines  When  severel  errors  occur  in 
one  line,  the  changes  shuold  bemadeon  the  margen 
nearest  the  several  errors  wich  they  are  intended 
to  corect. 


Copyright,  1004,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  II 

BLOCK-PRINTING 

Printing  from  engraved  blocks  of  wood  on  soft 
metal  was  practised  in  the  fourteenth  century  when 
^-  rude   figures  of   the  Virgen   and   other   Saints,  often 

y^,^        coarsely   colored    by   hand,   made    their    appearance 
)C      About  the  same  time  ornamental  patems  were  printed    ':  ,/ 
on  stuff  from  engraved  blocks.  Cardboards  was  devel-       <v/ 
oped  jrom  paper,  and  playinG-cards,  printed  from 
blocks,  were  common  in  the  fojteenth  and  fifteenth 
centures.    All  these  methods  of  printing  were  so  many 
decided  advanced  toward  typography,     but  two  new 
proceses  still  were  necssary  to  success,  viz :  a  thicker 
ink  than  pre viouly used,  and  some  kind  of  a  press  with 
wich  to  make  a  regular  and  even  impresion. 

The  next  step  was  making  of  that  interest  class  of 

books  called  "block-books.  There  consisted  for  the  most 

\  part  of  a  series  of  rude  woodcuts  the  full  size  of  the  pages 

representing  various  parts  of  Scriptiu-e,  Histry,hea- 

ven.  Hell,  death,  and  the  Jubgment.  The  earlest 
known  specimens  of  those  works  were  printed  in  a 
brown  ink  similar  to  distemper  drawings.  Lamp 
black  was  already  well  known  to  the  anceints  as  a 
bases  for  writing  ink,  and  mixed  with  gum  water, 
formed  that  deep  glozy  hue  so  much  admired  in 
N^ .  t  _^  many  old  manuscripts  but  how  to  thicken  the  ink  as  to 
make  it  suitable  for  printing,  from  a  raised  surface 
was  a  discovry  of  great  importance,  made  long  before 
topography  was  invented.  This  object  was  atained 
by  the  prolonged  boiling  of  oil  and  then  grinding 
it  with  carbon  of  lampblack. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:     Blades. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad61c  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  II 

BLOCK-PRINTING 

Printing  from  engraved  blocks  of  wood  on  soft 
metal  was  practised  in  the  fourteenth  century  when 
rude  figures  of  the  Virgen  and  other  Saints,  often 
coarsely  colored  by  hand,  made  their  appearance 
About  the  same  time  ornamental  patems  were  printed 
on  stuff  from  engraved  blocks.  Cardboards  was  devel- 
oped jrom  paper,  and  playinc-cards,  printed  from 
blocks,  were  common  in  the  forteenth  and  fifteenth 
centures.  All  these  methods  of  printing  were  so  many 
decided  advanced  toward  typography,  but  two  new 
proceses  still  were  necssary  to  success,  viz :  a  thicker 
ink  than  pre viouly used,  and  some  kind  of  a  press  with 
wich  to  make  a  regular  and  even  impresion. 

The  next  step  was  making  of  that  interest  class  of 
books  called  "block-books.  There  consisted  for  the  most 
part  of  a  series  of  rude  woodcuts  the  full  size  of  the  pages 
representing  various  parts  of  Scripture,  Histry, hea- 
ven, Hell,  death,  and  the  Jubgment.  The  earlest 
known  specimens  of  those  works  were  printed  in  a 
brown  ink  similar  to  distemper  drawings.  Lamp 
black  was  already  well  known  to  the  anceints  as  a 
bases  for  writing  ink,  and  mixed  with  gum  water, 
formed  that  deep  glozy  hue  so  much  admired  in 
many  old  manuscripts  but  how  to  thicken  the  ink  as  to 
make  it  suitable  for  printing,  from  a  raised  surface 
was  a  discovry  of  great  importance,  made  long  before 
topography  was  invented.  This  object  was  atained 
by  the  prolonged  boiling  of  oil  and  then  grinding 
it  with  carbon  of  lampblack. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:     Blades. 


Copyright,  1904  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Ad^le  Milt.icent  Smith 


■/ 


Exercise  III 

THE  POINT  SYSTEM 

..L  Formerly,  the  varous  sizes  of  type  were  made  some- 

^    ^}(      what  hap  hazard ;  the  name  given  to  thedifferent  sizes  as   -  '■ 
.y       /^       Pica,  primer,  brevier,  bourgois,  nonpareil  not  always  con- 
forming to  the  exact   measurements  which    the   severel  -V 
_:-         names  were   supposedtoindicate      Twenty   years    ago,    in 
^,          1883  the  United   Typefounders   association  adapted   the 
£.  ,^         American    Point    System,    now   universaly   used    in    this        / 
'M                    country.   The  system  established  the  point,  one-twelfth  of  ■'^ 
pica  size,  as  the  unit  of  measurement,  and  all  siZes  are 
multiples  of  this  unit  pearl,  5  point;  nonpareil,  6;  min-             -•  / 
->/j/*-      ion  7;  brevier,  8  bourgeois,  9.     Each  type  bears  a  simple 

definite  pro  portion  to  all  others  and  cannot  be  used  in       Ji 
combinations   therewith.      This  Point  system  involves   a  */ 

>) ,  charge  in  types  styles,  and  the  designer  had  not  only  to  be 

>  acquainted  with  the  inovation,  but  also  had  to  understand 

_<_,,  what  it  signifid,  to  no  where  it  limited   his    scope,    and 

j^  w;ere,  on    the    other    hand,  it   gave    him    wider    fredom. 

The  adaptation  of  the  American  systems  and  other  im-     .>^ 
h  provements    made     thereby    posible    has    placed     type-    >/      *^ 

founding  in  this  couutry  on  a  more  scientific  bases,  and     ■ 
J    c  tHe  designers  have  been  corespondingly  required  to  adjust 

;^^  thier  art  to  more  scientific  lines 

John  V.  Sears,  in  The  Internationm. 
Printer;  "  Modern  Type  Forms. 


Copyright,  1904  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Milt.icent  Smith 


Exercise  III 

THE  POINT  SYSTEM 

Formerly  the  varous  sizes  of  type  were  made  some- 
what hap  hazard ;  the  name  given  to  thedifferent  sizes  as 
Pica,  primer,  brevier,  bourgois,  nonpareil  not  always  con- 
forming to  the  exact  measurements  which  the  severe! 
names  were  supposedtoindicate  Twenty  years  ago,  in 
1883  the  United  Typefounders  association  adapted  the 
American  Point  System,  now  universaly  used  in  this 
country.  The  system  established  the  point,  one-twelfth  of 
pica  size,  as  the  unit  of  measurement,  and  all  siZes  are 
multiples  of  this  unit  pearl,  5  point;  nonpareil,  6;  min- 
ion 7 ;  brevier,  8  bourgeois,  9.  Each  type  bears  a  simple 
definite  pro  portion  to  all  others  and  cannot  be  used  in 
combinations  therewith.  This  Point  system  involves  a 
charge  in  types  styles,  and  the  designer  had  not  only  to  be 
acquainted  with  the  inovation,  but  also  had  to  understand 
what  it  signifid,  to  no  where  it  limited  his  scope,  and 
were,  on  the  other  hand,  it  gave  him  wider  fredom. 
The  adaptation  of  the  American  systems  and  other  im- 
provements made  thereby  posible  has  placed  type- 
founding  in  this  country  on  a  more  scientific  bases,  and 
tHe  designers  have  been  corespondingly  required  to  adjust 
thier  art  to  more  scientific  lines 

John  V.  Sears,  in  The  iNTERNAXioNAt 
Printer;  "  Modern  Type  Forms. 


Copyright   1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Ad&le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  IV 

MANUSCRIPT  BOOKS 

^/  The  mai^^cript    books  of    the  Hiddle  ages  were  ver-     ^    -/  <^    --<^ 

0^  table  works  of  art     Time  was  of  no  cons^uence  to  the   «-»    ^/ 

_9  iSf  cojjXist,  and  many  >^ars  were  often  employed  inthepro^-^j^ 

A-c^^  duction  of  a  simple  book.    The  work^  of  the  manuscript  ^ 

JL^/  writers  consis'^  in  outlining  the  letter  for  the  text,  first 

Q       J    drawing  in  the  letters,  and  afterwards  filling  them  in  with   <y^  /        / 
*^^~^^  •^he   pen^'J'he   style   of   lettering  usully   adapted    by   the    a^/    <)/ 

sj     .     copyi|4t4s  preserved  in  a^form  modified  in  the  Old  English    "#d^     A-^-^^^^-^y 


(^     and  german  text/ letters  used  by  nK^^yen  printers^  and  in 


'  /   -  ^  the  ecleciastical  lettering  used  for  inscriptions  in  churches 

/)(  ,When  the  copyisthad  completed  his  wor^  the  manusciipt 

y.  was  taken  in  hand  by  the  designer,  who  skeched    in   the  ^^ 

Sf'  initial  letter,  ornamental  borders,  and  pictures  and  handed 

//  it  over  to   the    iluminator,  who   painted  in  the  colour- 

^  7  ^/ing.  '^The  design,  and    iluminating    seem   to   have  been 

qvj^  really  the  most  important  feature  in  some  of  these  early 

.,'  books ^'' and  many  splendid  manuscripts,  with  thei^^  elab- 
-^  rate  initials  and   delicate   ftt;6)rishes   and   tracry    spread- 

ing   over    the    entire    margins,    are    in  v  existence    still, 

reminders  of  an  ^rt  that  existed  once  but  now  has 

passed  away,  perhaps  forever 

Ernest  J.  Hathaway,  in  The  International 
I  j  Printer,  "The  Influence  of  Religion  in 

/  Early  Bookmaking." 


p:. 

V 

-'-J' 

/  0/ 

-X' 

>/ 

V 


^ 


I 

i 


y 


Copyright   1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


ExifeRCiSES  IN  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  IV 

MANUSCRIPT  BOOKS 

The  manscript    books  of    the  Middle  ages  were  ver- 

table  works  of  art.    Time  was  of  no  consquence  to  the 

copyist,  and  many  years  were  often  employed  inthepro- 

duction  of  a  simple  book.    The  works  of  the  manuscript 

writers  consist  in  outlining  the  letter  for  the  text,  first 

.  drawing  in  the  letters,  and  afterwards  filling  them  in  with 
'  the   pen.^he   style   of   lettering  usuUy   adapted    by   the 

copyist  is  preserved  in  a  form  modified  in  the  Old  English 
and  german  text-letters  used  by  modren  printers  and  in 
the  ecleciastical  lettering  used  for  inscriptions  in  churches 
When  the  copyisthad  completed  his  wor^  the  manuscript 
was  taken  in  hand  by  the  designer,  who  skeched  in  the 
initial  letter,  ornamental  borders,  and  pictures  and  handed  / 
it  over  to  the  iluminator,  who  painted  in  the  colour- 
ing. The  design  and  iluminating  seem  to  have  been 
really  the  most  important  feature^  in  some  of  these  early 

books /and  many  splendid  manuscripts,  with  there  elab- 


Y^  rate  initials  and    delicate    fluorishes    and   tracry    spread- 

ing  over    the    entire    margins,    are    in    existence    still, 
/  i— —  reminders  of  an  Art  that  existed  once  but  now  has 

r^ —   passed  away,  perhaps  forever 

Ernest  J.  Hathaway,  in  The  International 
Printer,  "The  Influence  of  Religion  in 
Early  Bookmaking." 


O 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  V 

EARLY  PRINTING-PRESSES 

k  _  a/        The  fisrt  printer  had  but  small  presses,  made  entirely ^^^sv^ 

^/      ' '  of  wood.    There  power  also  was  slight  and  they  printed,,  j   ' 

0'^'^ ^  as  a  rule,  but  one  page^  a  time,  the  screw  was  of  wood^^"^-*-,*- 

c^    s^'  and  worked  by  a  bar;"  much  thesameas  a  modren  napkin      rt'   ^ 

jn  "%  ^ress.    The  chief thmg  was  to  obtain  an  even  surface  on  ~— -77       / 

11  the  "bed"  upon  wnich  the  page  of  type  rest;  and^sejD-  -^O/^/ 

-^  ondly,  an  even  suriace  for  the  "Platen,"  whicii  was  \ovj-/c.^ 

c.  ^'  ered  as  the  bar  tur  nedthe  screw,  and  thus  pressed  the      -  •  ■  - 

y     —  paper  upon  the  face  of  the  type.     The  eveijess  of  impres.  /^/^/-  ^ 

^  I  sion,as  well  as  colour,  in  many- old  books,  sho\^  that  this^    f)/ 

■A      c/  W'Cs   acomplished   with    grate   success,   and    proAes   what -e-'^-^        -^ 

hi  i       good  mecanicians  they  were   fore  hundred  years  ago.      i/^/ 

_-—   _w-  [_     It  is  a  task  whih  we  could  not  accomplish  so  success-    /*^-^*-^' 
fully  where  our  modern  tools  and  apliances  withdrawn        /^  /(iy 

There  -was  nearly  always  two  workmen  to  one  press.    One 
"beat"  the  "Form,"  that  is^  he   dabbed  two  big  soft  balls 
covered  with  ink  ^all  over  the  type;    the  other  placeg  the     ^' 
white  paper  on  the  "tympan,  and  ran  the  hole,  by  means     VX      '^f 
J         of  a  whinch,  beneath  the  platen ^_and  then  made  a  strong    ^o^~^-^^ 
^   ^'       ^pull'at  the  bar. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:, Blades     '^-'^^    C  .  ^^^Z^f-C 


Copyright.  1904.  Pri^te-i  by 

^,y  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  MiUicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  V 

EARLY  PRINTING-PRESSES 

The  fisrt  printer  had  but  small  presses,  made  entirely 
of  wood.  There  power  also  was  sUght  and  they  printed 
as  a  rule,  but  one  page  a  time,  the  screw  was  of  wood, 
and  worked  by  a  bar,"  much  thesameas  a  modren  napkin 
press.  The  chief  thing  was  to  obtain  an  even  surface  on 
the  "bed"  upon  wnich  the  page  of  type  rest;  and  seo- 
ondly,  an  even  sunace  for  the  "Platen,"  whicq  was  low- 
ered as  the  bar  tur  nedthe  screw,  and  thus  pressed  the 
paper  upon  the  face  of  the  type.  The  eveness  of  impres 
sion.as  well  as  colour  in  many  old  books,  show  that  this 
was  acomplished   with   grate  success,  and    proAes   what 

good  mecanicians  they  were  fore  hundred  years  ago. 

It  is  a  task  whih  we  could  not  accomplish  so  success- 
fully where  our  modern  tools  and  apliances  withdrawn 

There  was  nearly  always  two  workmen  to  one  press.  One 
"beat"  the  "Form,"  that  is  he  dabbed  two  big  soft  balls 
covered  with  ink  all  over  the  type ;  the  other  placeg  the 
white  paper  on  the  "tympan,  and  ran  the  hole,  by  means 
of  a  whinch,  beneath  the  platen,  and  then  made  a  strong 
pull  at  the  bar. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:  Blades 


Copyricrht,  1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

AofeLE  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  VI 


NEWSPAPER  PRINTING 


The  paper  from  which  news-papers  are  printed  is 
made  in  very  long  webs  or  rolls,  varAing  in  length  from 
three  to  ninety  miles,  and  prepared  at  special  mills.  A 
roll  of  paper  is  pla  ced  at  one  end  of  the  press  above  the 
flour,  and  the  end  of  the  sheet  is  then  led  between  the 
cylinders. The  paper  which  enters  the  press  simply  as  a 

blank  roll,  flies  swiftly  from  cilinder  to  cylinder,  receiting 
the  impression  of  streotypes,  electrctypes,  and  half-tones 
separates  in  newspapers  uudei  the  action  of  the  knife, 
divides  again  into  sections,  and  issues  form  the  press  in 
the  form  of  the  finished  newspaper,  nearly  io]ded  and 
counted  ready  for  delivery. 

The  first  Journal  in  America  apeared  in  Boston  on 
September  25th,  1690,  under  the  name  Public  Occurences 
This  was  a  pamphlet,  rather  than  a  newspaper.The  Boston 
News-Letter  was  started  in  1704.  The  Boston  Gazette  ap- 
peared on  December  21  17 19,  and  the  American  Weekly 
Mercury, of  Philedelphia, one  daylater.  The  Pennsylvania- 
Gazette  of  Philadelphia  was  started  in  1728  by  Samuel 
Kiemer,  but  in  less  then  a  year  it  was  baught  by  Benjamin 
Frankli  .flln  1 8  2 1 ,  it  took  the  name  of  The  Saturday  Even- 
ing Post;  under  this  title  it  is  still  issued  and  is  the  oldest 
existing  Journal  in  America. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

AdMe  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

AdI:le  Millicbnt  Smith 


Exercise  VI 

NEWSPAPER  PRINTING 

The  paper  from  which  news-papers  are  printed  is 
made  in  very  long  webs  or  rolls,  varAing  in  length  from 
three  to  ninety  miles,  and  prepared  at  special  mills.  A 
roll  of  paper  is  pla  ced  at  one  end  of  the  press  above  the 
flour,  and  the  end  of  the  sheet  is  then  led  between  the 
cylinders. The  paper  which  enters  the  press  simply  as  a 

blank  roll,  flies  swiftly  from  cilinder  to  cylinder,  receiting 
the  impression  of  streotypes,  electrctypes,  and  half-tones 
separates  in  newspapers  uudei  the  action  of  the  knife, 
divides  again  into  sections,  and  issues  form  the  press  in 
the  form  of  the  finished  newspaper,  nearly  tolded  and 
counted  ready  for  delivery. 

The  first  Journal  in  America  apeared  in  Boston  on 
September  25th,  1690,  under  the  name  Public  Occurences 
This  was  a  pamphlet,  rather  than  a  newspaper. The  Boston 
News-Letter  was  started  in  1704.  The  Boston  Gazette  ap- 
peared on  December  21  1719,  and  the  American  Weekly 
Mercury,  of  Philedelphia,  one  day  later.  The  Pennsylvania- 
Gazette  of  Philadelphia  was  started  in  1728  by  Samuel 
Kiemer,  but  in  less  then  a  year  it  was  baught  by  Benjamin 
Frankli  .Hin  1 8  2 1 ,  it  took  the  name  of  The  Saturday  Even- 
ing Post;  under  this  title  it  is  still  issued  and  is  the  oldest 
existing  Journal  in  America. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

AdMe  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adhle  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  VII 

THE  INVENTION  OF  TYPOGRAPHY 

The   key   to   the   invention   of   Typography  was  the 
x<.y  typemould.      The  honor  is  d^e  to  the  men  who  invented 

the   f  irst   type-mold,    for  types  which    are   cast   are   the 
" '  ones  only,  that  can  be  used  to  advantage.     A  fierce  con- 
trovercy  has  waged  as  to  who  first  gave  the  world    a 
knowlege  of  topography,  but  the  wieght  of  evidence  is 
/  strongly  in  favor  of  John  Gutenberg,  a  printer  of   mainz 

/  We  do  not  know  when  or  were  Guttenberg  made  his  ist 

experiments  with  movable  type,  but  before  1459  he  seems 
at  Strasburg  to  have  been  at  work,  endeavoring  to  pre- 
fect his  art.   From   Strasbourg  he  went  to  MainZ  where 
^  his  name  appear©^  in  1448  in  a  record  of  a  legal  contract. 

Here  about  1450,  he  enters  into  partner-ship  with  Johann 
means  necesary  to  set  up  a  printing-press. 
FustorFaust,  a  wealthy  moneylender,  who  furnished  the 
In  a  few  years  (1445),  Fust  brought  a  law  suit  against 
)  Gutenburg  to  recover  of  the  sum  money  he  had  advanced. 

/  1^1  Yhe  verdict  was  in  Fusts  favor,  and  as  Guttenberg  could 

'  not  pay  the  money,  the  printingpress  passed  out  of  his 

hands.  Although  now  nearly  end,  sixty  years  Gutun- 
berg  did  not  d^^pair,  but  determined  to  find  another 
berg  did  not  dispair,  but  determined  to  find  another 
office.  Some  of  his  printing  still  materials  remained  to 
him,  and  the  Clerk  of  the  town  of  Mainz  provided  him 
with  mony.  He  continued  to  work  for  some  time  in 
Mainz,     His  death  occurred  about  1448. 


Copyright.  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfcle  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  VII 

THE  INVENTION  OF  TYPOGRAPHY 

The  key  to  the  invention  of  Typography  was  the 
typemould.  The  honor  is  dne  to  the  men  who  invented 
the  f  irst  type-mold,  for  types  which  are  cast  are  the 
ones  only  that  can  be  used  to  advantage.  A  fierce  con- 
trovercy  has  waged  as  to  who  first  gave  the  world  a 
knowlege  of  topography,  but  the  wieght  of  evidence  is 
strongly  in  favor  of  John  Gutenberg,  a  printer  of  mainz 
We  do  not  know  when  or  were  Guttenberg  made  his  ist 
experiments  with  movable  type,  but  before  1459  he  seems 
at  Strasburg  to  have  been  at  work,  endeavoring  to  pre- 
fect his  art.  From  Strasbourg  he  went  to  MainZ  where 
his  name  appeared  in  1448  in  a  record  of  a  legal  contract. 
Here  about  1450,  he  enters  into  partner-ship  with  Johann 
means  necesary  to  set  up  a  printing-press. 
FustorFaust,  a  wealthy  moneylender,  who  furnished  the 
In  a  few  years  (1445),  Fust  brought  a  law  suit  against 
Gutenburg  to  recover  of  the  sum  money  he  had  advanced. 
Yhe  verdict  was  in  Fusts  favor,  and  as  Guttenberg  could 
not  pay  the  money,  the  printingpress  passed  out  of  his 
hands.  Although  now  nearly  old,  sixty  years  Gutun- 
berg  did  not  dispair,  but  determined  to  find  another 
berg  did  not  dispair,  but  determined  to  find  another 
office.  Some  of  his  printing  still  materials  remained  to 
him,  and  the  Clerk  of  the  town  of  Mainz  provided  him 
with  mony.  He  continued  to  work  for  some  time  in 
Mainz.     His  death  occurred  about  1448. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

AdMe  Millicent  Smitb  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  VIII 

EARLIEST  PRINTED  Works 

The  earlest  specimen  of  printing  from  mov  able  metal 
types  known  to  exist  at  the  present  day  is  the  famour 
Letter  of  Indulgence,  of  pope  Nicholas  V,  to  persons  such 
as  should  contribute  money  to  help  the  King  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Tur^^s.  A  copy  of  this  Indulgenoe  now 
preserved  at  the  Hage,  bears  the  earliest  date  authentic 
on  a  document  printed  from  type   November    15,    1454. 

The  work  upon  which  Gutenburg's  fame  rests  as  a 
a  graet  printer  is  the  holy  Bible  in  Latin.  There  are 
are  2  editions  of  this  work  one  known  as  the  Bible  of 
Forty  two  Lines  and  the  otqer  as  the  Bible  of  Thirty-six 
Lines. 

It  is  known  not  was  which  printed  first,  but  it  is  is 
generally  beleived  that  the  the  forty-two  line  Bible  is 
earlier.  It  is  beleved  that  this  Bible  could  have  been 
begun  before  August  1450,  and  that  it  was  finished  in 
1453,  but  the  exact  dates  are  not  known  These  2 
editions  of  the  Bible  bears  no  printed  date.  The  first 
book  with  a  printed  date  is  the  Psalmorum  codex  of  1457, 
isued  by  Schoeffer.  This  Palter  Codex  is  regarded  by 
many  as  the  finest  works  issued  by  the  early  press. 
It  is  an  imtation  not  only  of  the  copyists  but  of  the  ilu- 
minators  art,  with  block  stately  types,  and  two  colored 
initials  red  and  blue. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Procjfreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  VIII 

EARLIEST  PRINTED  Works 

The  earlest  specimen  of  printing  from  mov  able  metal 
types  known  to  exist  at  the  present  day  is  the  famour 
Letter  of  Indulgence,  of  pope  Nicholas  V,  to  persons  such 
as  should  contribute  money  to  help  the  King  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Tur^^s.  A  copy  of  this  Indulgence  now 
preserved  at  the  Hage,  bears  the  earliest  date  authentic 
on  a  document  printed  from  type   November    15,    1454. 

The  work  upon  which  Gutenburg's  fame  rests  as  a 
a  graet  printer  is  the  holy  Bible  in  Latin.  There  are 
are  2  editions  of  this  work  one  known  as  the  Bible  of 
Forty  two  Lines  and  the  otqer  as  the  Bible  of  Thirty-six 
Lines. 

It  is  known  not  was  which  printed  first,  but  it  is  is 
generally  beleived  that  the  the  forty-two  line  Bible  is 
earlier.  It  is  beleved  that  this  Bible  could  have  been 
begun  before  August  1450,  and  that  it  was  finished  in 
1453,  but  the  exact  dates  are  not  known  These  2 
editions  of  the  Bible  bears  no  printed  date.  The  first 
book  with  a  printed  date  is  the  Psalmorum  codex  of  1457. 
isued  by  Schoeffer.  This  Palter  Codex  is  regarded  by 
many  as  the  finest  works  issued  by  the  early  press. 
It  is  an  imtation  not  only  of  the  copyists  but  of  the  ilu- 
minators  art,  with  block  stately  types,  and  two  colored 
initials  red  and  blue. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele    Millicent  Smith 


EXBRCISB  IX 

MODERN  PRESSWORK 

In  comparing  the  press-work  of  the  sixteenth  century  with 
that  of  the  close  of  the  19th,  it  would  be  satisfaction  if  we 
could  not  point  to  the  same  progress  in  the  quality  of  work 
that  we  find  in  speed  with  which  the  work  is  excuted. 
Unfortunately  it  must  be  admited  that  that  this  is  not  uni- 
formly the  case.  Not  little  satisfactory  bookprinting  is  pro- 
duced by  the  modern  press ;  but  nevertheless  it  is  the  case 
that  the  demands  made  now  upon  the  printer  for  books 
whichcanbesold  at  a  poplar  price  has  a  tendency  to  bring 
fourth  a  quantity  of  press-work  for  which  it  is  not  posible 
to  express  admiration.  It  is  with  a  feeling  of  great  rehef 
that  one  turns  from  some  of  the  grey  pages  of  the  present 
ful  old  black-letter  volumes  of  two  or  3  centuries  sinse, 
day,  printed  upon  hard  and  stiff  pulp  paper,  to  the  delight- 
with  their  clearcut  sharp  type,  struck  wih  deep  black  ink 
on  hand-made  paper,  of  such  stock  as  admited  not  only 
on  a  perfect  impression,  but  in  addition,  presented  a  sur- 
face and  a  flexibility  delightful  to  the  eye  and  to  to  the 
the  touch. 

Authors  and  Publishers:  G.  H.  P    and  J.  B.  P. 


The  numorous  illustrations  which  gives  life  and  add 
value  to  our  books,  magazines  and  news-papers,  without 
their  increasing  greatly  cost,  have  been  brought  in 
existence  by  the  developement  of  the  relatively  new  art  of 
Photo-engraving,  which  by  1 880,  was  beginning  to  suppUant 
the  reproducing  of  woodcuts. 

Reproductions  of  any  picture  or  object  in  which  there 
is  a  gradtion  of  color,  is  made  by  the  half-tone  process. 
Drawings  or  hictures  consisting  of  single  lines,  that  is 
without  tones  of  color  are  produced  by  lineplates. 


Copyi-ight,  1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

AdMe  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele    Millicent  Smith 


EXBRCISB  IX 

MODERN  PRESSWORK 

In  comparing  the  press-work  of  the  sixteenth  century  with 
that  of  the  close  of  the  19th,  it  would  be  satisfaction  if  we 
could  not  point  to  the  same  progress  in  the  quality  of  work 
that  we  find  in  speed  with  which  the  work  is  excuted. 
Unfortunately  it  must  be  admited  that  that  this  is  not  uni- 
formly the  case .  Not  little  satisfactory  bookprinting  is  pro- 
duced by  the  modern  press;  but  nevertheless  it  is  the  case 
that  the  demands  made  now  upon  the  printer  for  books 
whichcanbesold  at  a  poplar  price  has  a  tendency  to  bring 
fourth  a  quantity  of  press-work  for  which  it  is  not  posible 
to  express  admiration.  It  is  with  a  feeling  of  great  relief 
that  one  turns  from  some  of  the  grey  pages  of  the  present 
ful  old  black-letter  volumes  of  two  or  3  centuries  sinse, 
day,  printed  upon  hard  and  stiff  pulp  paper,  to  the  deHght- 
with  their  clearcut  sharp  type,  struck  wih  deep  black  ink 
on  hand-made  paper,  of  such  stock  as  admited  not  only 
on  a  perfect  impression,  but  in  addition,  presented  a  sur- 
face and  a  flexibility  delightful  to  the  eye  and  to  to  the 
the  touch. 

Authors  and  Publishers:  G.  H.  P.  and  J.  B.  P. 


The  numerous  illustrations  which  gives  life  and  add 
value  to  our  books,  magazines  and  news-papers,  without 
their  increasing  greatly  cost,  have  been  brought  in 
existence  by  the  developement  of  the  relatively  new  art  of 
Photo-engraving,  which  by  1880,  was  beginning  to  supphant 
the  reproducing  of  wood,cuts. 

Reproductions  of  any  picture  or  object  in  which  there 
is  a  gradtion  of  color,  is  made  by  the  half-tone  process. 
Drawings  or  hictures  consisting  of  single  lines,  that  is 
without  tones  of  color  are  produced  by  lineplates. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  llie  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Aa^lb  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

AofeLE  Millicent  Smith 


;£XERCISE  X 

THE  ROMAN  AND  the  ITALIC  TYPES 

In  T458,  the  King  of  France  sent  Nicholas  Jenson  to 
Mianz  to  learn  the  new  art  On  his  return  to  Paris  he  tried 
to  get  sufficient  mony  to  establish  the  press,  but  was  not 
sucessful  and  went  to  Italy  In  Venice,  he  became  famous. 
Jonsen  prefected  the  roman  type,  which  he  used  in  1471. 
but  the  latter  had  allready  been  cast  at  Subaco  in  1465. 
The  roman  letter  of  Jonson  was  a  letter  of  extra  ordinary 
beauty,  it  has  freqently  been  copied,  but  never  imitated. 
Our  roman  letter  of  to-day  is  deried  from  the  two  scripts 
formally  used  in  Romecapitals  from  the  letters  used  from 
insriptions,  and  small  letters  form  the  kursive  form 
employed  for  busness  cor  respondence. 

Aldus  manutius  was  an  eminent  printer ;  who  lived  in 
Venece  at  the  begining  of  the  sizteenth  century.  He 
he  desired  a  compact  type  for  the  purpOse  of  issuing  small 
editions  of  the  classies,  and  to  supply  this  need  he  intro- 
duced the  type  first  knon  as  Venitian  but  called  italic 
afterward  by  the  Latin  and  the  English  people.  It  is  a 
a  letter  wich  inclines  to  the  right,  and  is  suppoed  to  be  formed 
from  the  hand-writing  of  Petrarch.  The  aldine  press  estab- 
lished at  Venice  was  celebrated  for  its  editions  of  the  greek 
and  and  Latin  classies.  To  assist  him  in  the  prepration  of 
these  volumes,  Aldos  gathered  around  him,  editors  and 
and  proof-readers,  the  most  scolarly  men  of  his  age.  The 
present  system  of  Punctuation  may  be  said  have  been 
devized  by  him,  as  but  few  marks  before  his  time  had 
been  emploqed,  and  the  use  of  those  was  not  well-regulated 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  Ihe  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfelb  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


;EXERCISE  X 

THE  ROMAN  AND  the  ITALIC  TYPES 

In  1458,  the  King  of  France  sent  Nicholas  Jenson  to 
Mianz  to  learn  the  new  art  On  his  retu-in  to  Paris  he  tried 
to  get  sufficient  mony  to  establish  the  press,  but  was  not 
sucessful  and  went  to  Italy  In  Venice,  he  became  famous. 
Jonsen  prefected  the  roman  type,  which  he  used  in  147 1. 
but  the  latter  had  allready  been  cast  at  Subaco  in  1465. 
The  roman  letter  of  Jonson  was  a  letter  of  extra  ordinary 
beauty,  it  has  freqently  been  copied,  but  never  imitated. 
Our  roman  letter  of  to-day  is  deried  from  the  two  scripts 
formally  used  in  Romecapitals  from  the  letters  used  from 
insriptions,  and  small  letters  form  the  kursive  form 
employed  for  busness  cor  respondence. 

Aldus  manutius  was  an  eminent  printer;  who  lived  in 
Venece  at  the  begining  of  the  sizteenth  century.  He 
he  desired  a  compact  type  for  the  purpOse  of  issuing  small 
editions  of  the  classies,  and  to  supply  this  need  he  intro- 
duced the  type  first  knon  as  Venitian  but  called  italic 
afterward  by  the  Latin  and  the  English  people.  It  is  a 
a  letter  wich  inclines  to  the  right,  and  is  suppoed  to  be  formed 
from  the  hand-writing  of  Petrarch.  The  aldine  press  estab- 
lished at  Venice  was  celehrated  for  its  editions  of  the  greek 
and  and  Latin  classies.  To  assist  him  in  the  prepration  of 
these  volumes,  Aldos  gathered  around  him,  editors  and 
and  proof-readers,  the  most  scolarly  men  of  his  age.  The 
present  system  of  Punctuation  may  be  said  have  been 
devized  by  him,  as  but  few  marks  before  his  time  had 
been  emploqed,  and  the  use  of  those  was  not  well-regulated 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

^d^le  MiUicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XI 

THE   GOTHIC  LETTER 

The  book  issued  by  the  first  printers  were  in  the  Gothic 
characters.  When  the  new  art  was  introduced  first  the  wealthy 
looked  upon  the  inovation  as  an  artistic  trade,  and  the  printers 
copied  therefore  the  characters  of  of  the  cotemporary  manuscript 
in  order  to  sell  there  works.  The  gothic  letters  had  been  emplyoed 
by  the  ccpyists  of  Europe  for  many  centuries  before  the  inven- 
vention  of  movable  types  Roman  type  was  first  cast  in  1465  by 
two  German  printers,  Sweinhem  and  Panartz  at  Subiaco,  Italy. 
It  was  afterward  prefected  and  used  by  Nicholas  Jensen,  at  Venice, 
The  gothic  and  the  Roman  froms  strugled  together  for  some 
time  after  the  interduction  of  printing  but  the  letter  finally 
tritimpfed.  Roman  type  was  used  first  in  England  in  1818,  and  by 
by  the  year  1800  books  were  printed  generally  in  in  that  type. 
The  roman  letter  of  Jonson  was  the  modle  adopted  by  William 
Morris  for  the  Kelmacott  press,  when  it  was  started  at  Hammer- 
smith England,  in  1891 

Although    in    printed   work   gothic   characters  preceded 

the  roman,  the  letter  had  been  emploXed  in  manuscript  many 
centtiries  before  the  introduction   of  gothic  letters.  Gothic 

letter  in  fact  was  formed  from  the  roman. 

The  English  name  of  black  letter  was  given  to  the  carac- 
acter  until  after  the  introduction  of  roman  printing  types.  Old 
English  and  German  text  are  called  by  printers  black  letters. 


Ck)pyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

^fele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XI 

THE   GOTHIC  LETTER 

The  book  issued  by  the  first  printers  were  in  the  Gothic 
characters.  When  the  new  art  was  introduced  first  the  wealthy 
looked  upon  the  inovation  as  an  artistic  trade,  and  the  printers 
copied  therefore  the  characters  of  of  the  cotemporary  manuscript 
in  order  to  sell  there  works.  The  gothic  letters  had  been  emplyoed 
by  the  ccpyists  of  Europe  for  many  centuries  before  the  inven- 
vention  of  movable  types  Roman  type  was  first  cast  in  1465  by 
two  German  printers,  Sweinhem  and  Panartz  at  Subiaco,  Italy. 
It  was  afterward  prefected  and  used  by  Nicholas  Jensen,  at  Venice, 
The  gothic  and  the  Roman  froms  strugled  together  for  some 
time  after  the  interduction  of  printing  but  the  letter  finally 
triumpfed.  Roman  type  was  used  first  in  England  in  1818,  and  by 
by  the  year  1800  books  were  printed  generally  in  in  that  type. 
The  roman  letter  of  Jonson  was  the  modle  adopted  by  WilHam 
Morris  for  the  Kelmacott  press,  when  it  was  started  at  Hammer- 
smith England,  in  1891 

Although    in   printed   work   gothic   characters  preceded 

the  roman,  the  letter  had  been  employed  in  mantiscript  many 
centuries  before  the  introduction   of  gothic  letters.  Gothic 

letter  in  fact  was  formed  from  the  roman. 

The  English  name  of  black  letter  was  given  to  the  carac- 
acter  until  after  the  introduction  of  roman  printing  types.  Old 
English  and  German  text  are  called  by  printers  black  letters. 


Copyright,  1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad6le  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XII 

WILLIAM    CAXTION 

William  Cazton  is  the  first  printer  who  practiced  the  Art  in 
England.  The  Xear  of  his  burth  is  not  definitely  known;  but  it 
it  was  probably  near  1422,  for  he  was  aprenticed  in  1438  to  the 
mercers  trade  A  few  years  after  the  latter  date  he  left  England 
for  the  low  Countries  where  he  remained  for  30  years.  About 
1470,  he  entered  the  service  of  Margret,  Duchess  uf  Burgundy 
and  sister  of  Edward  IV.  Caxtion  had  long  been  intrested  in 
the  romances  of  the  days  and  had  translated  some  them.  Hav- 
ing finished  and  been  rewarded  for  his  trouble  in  translating  Le 
Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes  for  the  duchess  of  Burgundy, 
he  found  his  books  in  great  demand.  The  English  Nobles  at  Bruges 
whished  to  have  copies  of  the  favorite  romances  of  the  Age, 
and  Caxton  found  himself  able  to  supply  the  demahd  with 
sufkient  rapidty.  This  brings  us  to  the  year  1472,  or  1473 
Mansoin  who  had  obtained  some  knowlege  of  art  of  printing, 
although  certainly  not  from  Colone,  had  just  begvm  his  topo- 
graphical labors  at  Brugs,  and  was  ready  to  reproduce  copies 
by  means  of  the  press,  if  supported  by  the  necesary  patronage 
and  funds.  Caxton  found  the  money,  and  Madsion  the  reqtdsite 
knowledge,  by  the  aid  of  wich  appeared  "The  Recuyell,"  the 
book  first  printed  in  the  english  language.  This,  probably  was  notac- 
compUshed  till  1474,  and  was  succeeded  on  Caxtons  part,  in 
another  yea,  by  an  issue  of  the  Chess  Book. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XII 

WILLIAM    CAXTION 

William  Cazton  is  the  first  printer  who  practiced  the  Art  in 
England.  The  Xear  of  his  burth  is  not  definitely  known;  but  it 
it  was  probably  near  1422,  for  he  was  aprenticed  in  1438  to  the 
mercers  trade  A  few  years  after  the  latter  date  he  left  England 
for  the  low  Countries  where  he  remained  for  30  years.  About 
1470,  he  entered  the  service  of  Margret,  Duchess  uf  Burgundy 
and  sister  of  Edward  IV.  Caxtion  had  long  been  intrested  in 
the  romances  of  the  days  and  had  translated  some  them.  Hav- 
ing finished  and  been  rewarded  for  his  trouble  in  translating  Le 
Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes  for  the  duchess  of  Burgundy, 
he  fovmd  his  books  in  great  demand.  The  English  Nobles  at  Bruges 
whished  to  have  copies  of  the  favorite  romances  of  the  Age, 
and  Caxton  found  himself  able  to  supply  the  demahd  with 
sufkient  rapidty.  This  brings  us  to  the  year  1472,  or  1473 
Mansoin  who  had  obtained  some  knowlege  of  art  of  printing, 
although  certainly  not  from  Colone,  had  just  begun  his  topo- 
graphical labors  at  Brugs,  and  was  ready  to  reproduce  copies 
by  means  of  the  press,  if  supported  by  the  necesary  patronage 
and  funds.  Caxton  found  the  money,  and  Madsion  the  requisite 
knowledge,  by  the  aid  of  wich  appeared  "The  RecuyeU,"  the 
book  first  printed  in  the  english  language.  This,  probably  was  notac- 
compUshed  till  1474,  and  was  succeeded  on  Caxtons  part,  in 
another  yea,  by  an  issue  of  the  Chess  Book. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  MUlicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele    Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XIII 

PRINTING  IN  CHINA  and  JAPAN 

In  China,  various  attempts  have  been  made  to  substute 
type  for  engraved  blocks,  but  this  is  difficult  because  of  the  great 
numbers  oi  the  Chinese  Characters.  These  caracters  do  net  stand 
for  letters,  or  sounds,  but  represent  complete  words,  or  ideas  the 
characters  formed  by  combination  have  been  variously  estimated, 
from  40  thousand  to  over  tvvo-hundred-thousand  in  numbers; 
not  more  than  forteen  or  fifteen  thousand,  however,  are  in  reglar 
use.JJA  c  hinese  Missionary  house  employs^about  six  thonsand 
characters jf or  an  ordinary  news-paper;  only  about  four  thousand 
are  neccessary;  while  magazines  which  treat  of  a  great  range 
of  subjects  requires  ten  thousand.^The  printing  offices  arrange 
the  characters  by  the  radicles.  Mo-vable  types  both  of  wood 
and  of  metel,  have  been  employed  long  in  China.HPrinting  from 
movabel  metal  types  are  practised  in  China  mainly  for  the  ptu- 
pose  of  cir  culating  the  Bible  and  the  news-papers. 

It  is  indisputable,  that  block-printing  was  first  practiced  in 
China,  but  there  is  nothing  which  prove  that  Europe  origibally 
dirived  her  knowledge  of  this  art  from  the  east. 

In  Japan,  the  earliest  example  of  block  printing  dates  from 
the   midle    of    the    eight    century       .Because  of  the   avidity   with 

which    the    Japanese    have    took   hold    of   western    learning, 

printing  is  extensively  carried  on  on  Japan,  both  blocks,  and 

types  of  metal  being  employed. 


Copyright;  1904.  P"^t<^  ^y 

^y  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  MiUicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele    Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XIII 

PRINTING  IN  CHINA  and  JAPAN 

In  China,  various  attempts  have  been  made  to  substute 
type  for  engraved  blocks,  but  this  is  difficult  because  of  the  great 
numbers  of  the  Chinese  Characters.  These  caracters  do  net  stand 
for  letters,  or  sounds,  but  represent  complete  words,  or  ideas  the 
characters  formed  by  combination  have  been  variously  estimated, 
from  40  thousand  to  over  two-hundred-thousand  in  numbers; 
not  more  than  forteen  or  fifteen  thousand,  however,  are  in  reglar 
use. HA  c  hinese  Missionary  house  employsjabout  six  thonsand 
charactersjfor  an  ordinary  news-paper;  only  about  four  thousand 
are  neccessary;  while  magazines  which  treat  of  a  great  range 
of  subjects  requires  ten  thousand. H'rhe  printing  offices  arrange 
the  chaJacters  by  the  radicles.  Mo-vable  types  both  of  wood 
and  of  metel,  have  been  employed  long  in  China. HPrinting  from 
movabel  metal  types  are  practised  in  China  mainly  for  the  pur 
pose  of  cir  culatirig  the  Bible  and  the  news-papers. 

It  is  indisputable,  that  block-printing  was  first  practiced  m 
China,  but  there  is  nothing  which  prove  that  Europe  ongibally 
dirived  her  knowledge  of  this  art  from  the  east. 

In  Japan,  the  earliest  example  of  block  pnntmg  dates  from 
the   midle    of   the    eight    centurv       .Because  of  the   avidity   with 

which    the    Japanese    have    took   hold    of   western    learning, 

printing  is  extensively  carried  on  on  Japan,  both  blocks,  and 

types  of  metal  being  employed. 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

A.d61e  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XIV 

BEGINNING  OF  PRINTING  IN  AMERICA. 

In  America,  printing  begun  in  the  City  of  Mexico.  The  first 
printer  was  Juana  Pablos,  and  the  first  book  printed  was  La 
Escala  Espiritual  para  Llegar  al  Cielo"  (A  Spiritual  Ladder  for 
Reaching  Heaven  of  San  Juan  CHmaco,  isued  about  1636.  So 
so  far  as  known,  no  copy  of  this  book  exists  now.  A  press  was 
estabhshed  at  Lima  Peru,  about  1584.  The  first  printing  press 
in  North  America  was  ereoted  at  Cambridge,  Massachusets, 
through  the  efforts  of  the  Rev.  Joss  or  Jessie  Glover,  who  died 
while  bringing  the  materials  to  that  place.  Glovers  wife  married 
Henry  Dunster  the  President  of  Harvard  CcUege,  and  he  resumed 
the  management  of  the  Press.  It  was  opperated  by  Stephen  Day, 
a  workinen  who  sailed  with  Glover,  in  1639  it  it  issued  "The 
Freeman's  Oath"  and  an  almanac.  Its  first  important  work  was 
wasJThe  Bay  Psam  Book,"  printed  in  1640 

Printing  was  begvm  in  1676  in  Boston  by  John  Foster.  The 
first  press  in  Philadelphie  was  set  by  William  Bradford  and 
the  first  work  issued  by  him  was  an  almanic  in  1685.  Bradford 
afterw-ard  moved  to  New  York  and  begun  printing  in  that  oity 
city  in  1693. 

Among  the  early  books  published  m  America,  a  few  still 
retain  there  interest,  for  Only  not  their  quaintness  but  because 
of  the  influence  they  have  exerted  on  the  national  character. 

John  Cotton's  Catechism,  or  "Mlik  for  Babies,"  first  issued 
in  England,  was  reprinted  at  Cambridge,  Massachussetts,  in  1656. 
This  Catechism  was  aften.vards  included  in  another  famuus  book, 
"The  New  England  Premer,"  the  first  edetion  of  which  is  supposed 
to  have  appeared,  between  1687  and  1690.  The  only  feature  which 
must  have  made  the  Primer  poplar  with  children  was  its 
illustrations,  especialy  the  rymed  alphabet  cuts.    Q 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

(Vd^le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XIV 

BEGINNING  OF  PRINTING  IN  AMERICA. 

In  America,  printing  begun  in  the  City  of  Mexico.  The  first 
printer  was  Juana  Pablos,  and  the  first  book  printed  was  La 
Eficala  Espiritual  para  Llegar  al  Cielo"  (A  Spiritual  Ladder  for 
Reaching  Heaven  of  San  Juan  CUmaco,  isued  about  1636.  So 
so  far  as  known,  no  copy  of  this  book  exists  now.  A  press  was 
established  at  Lima  Peru,  about  1584.  The  first  printing  press 
in  North  America  was  ereoted  at  Cambridge,  Massachusets, 
through  the  efforts  of  the  Rev.  Joss  or  Jessie  Glover,  who  died 
while  bringing  the  materials  to  that  place.  Glovers  wife  married 
Henry  Dunster  the  President  of  Harvard  Ccllege,  and  he  resumed 
the  management  of  the  Press.  It  was  opperated  by  Stephen  Day, 
a  workmen  who  sailed  with  Glover,  in  1639  it  it  issued  "The 
Freeman's  Oath"  and  an  almanac.  Its  first  important  work  was 
was|The  Bay  Psam  Book,"  printed  in  1640 

Printing  was  begun  in  1676  in  Boston  by  John  Foster.  The 
first  press  in  Philadelphie  was  set  by  William  Bradford  and 
the  first  work  issued  by  him  was  an  almanic  in  1685.  Bradford 
afterward  moved  to  New  York  and  begun  printing  in  that  oity 
city  in  1693. 

Among  the  early  books  published  m  America,  a  few  still 
retain  there  interest,"^  for  Only  not  their  quaintness  but  because 
of  the  influence  thev  have  exerted  on  the  national  character. 

John  Cotton's  "Catechism,  or  "Mlik  for  Babies,"  first  issued 
in  England,  was  reprinted  at  Cambridge,  Massachussetts,  in  1656. 
This  Catechism  was  afterwards  included  in  another  famuus  book, 
"The  New  England  Premer,"  the  first  edetion  of  which  is  supposed 
to  have  appeared,  between  1687  and  1690.  The  only  feature  which 
must  have  made  the  Primer  poplar  with  children  was  its 
illustrations,  especialy  the  rymed  alphabet  cuts.    0 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad^^le  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XV 

BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN 

Benjamin  Franklin  was  bom  in  Boston  on  the  17  of 
of  January,  1706,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  17th  of  April 
1790.  He  begun  his  apprenteceship  as  a  printer  in  1778,  and 
worked  as  a  journey-man  in  Philedelphia  in  1724,  and  in  in  London 
worked  as  a  journey-man  in  Philedelphia  in  1724,  and  in  in  London 
in  1725.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1726,  and  soon  began 
as  master  brinter  in  1729.  As  editor  and  publisher  he  there  made 
him  self  a  man  of  note.  He  vented  the  Franklin  stove  in  1742, 
he  proved  the  identity  of  lighting  and  eleotricity  in  1752  he 
was  made  Clerk  of  the  Assembly  in  1736;  post-master  of  Philadel- 
representative  of  Pensylvania  before  the  Council  of  Engalnd  in 
1757  and  again  in  1764;  deleegate  to  congress  in  1775;  ambassader 
to  France  in  1770;  commissioner  to  England  in  1783;  President 
of  Pennsylvania  from  1785  to  1787;  delegate  from  the  Constitutional 
Convention  in  1789. 

The  Practice  of  Typography: 
Theodore  Low  DeVinne 

In  1732,  Franklin  issued  the  first  numbers  of  "Poor  Richards 
Almanac,"  which  was  pubblished  every  year,  for  a  quarter  of  a 
a  eentury.H" Poor  Richard"  made  Franklin  famous.  He  had 
had  notioed  that  in  many  hemes  this  almanic  was  the  only  book. 
He  therefor  filled  the  space  between  the  remarkeble  days  in 
the  calander  with  proverbal  sentences,  inculcating  industry  and 
frugality  as  the  means  of  obtaining  wealth  and  therebye  according 
to  Franklins  belief)  securing  virtue;  for  he  though  that  the 
way  to  make  people  happy  was  to  help  them  to  be  good. 

To  the  counsels  ofHPoor  Richard  are  due  to  some  extent 
the  shrewd,  industrous  ana  thrifty  habits  of  the  typical  American' 


Copyright,  1004,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


BY 

AdI;le  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XV 

BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN 

Benjamin  Franklin  was  born  in  Boston  on  the  17  of 
of  January,  1706,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  17th  of  April 
1790.  He  begun  his  apprenteceship  as  a  printer  in  1778,  and 
worked  as  a  journey-man  in  Philedelphia  in  1724,  and  in  in  London 
worked  as  a  journey-man  in  Philedelphia  in  1724,  and  in  in  London 
in  1725.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1726,  and  soon  began 
as  master  brinter  in  1729.  As  editor  and  publisher  he  there  made 
him  self  a  man  of  note.  He  vented  the  Franklin  stove  in  1742, 
he  proved  the  identity  of  lighting  and  eleotricity  in  1752  he 
was  made  Clerk  of  the  Assembly  in  1736;  post-master  of  Philadel- 
representative  of  Pensylvania  before  the  Ccuncil  of  Engalnd  in 
1757  and  again  in  1764;  deleegate  to  congress  in  1775  ;  ambassader 
to  France  in  1770;  commissioner  to  England  in  1783;  President 
of  Pennsylvania  from  1785  to  1787;  delegate  from  the  Constitutional 
Convention  in  1789. 

The  Practice  of  Typography: 
Theodore  Low  DeVinne 

In  1732,  Franklin  issued  the  first  numbers  of  "Poor  Richards 
Almanac,"  which  was  pubblished  every  year,  for  a  quarter  of  a 
a  century .■" Poor  Richard"  made  Franklin  famous.  He  had 
had  notioea  that  in  many  hemes  this  almanic  was  the  only  book. 
He  therefor  filled  the  space  between  the  remarkeble  days  in 
the  calander  with  proverbal  sentences,  inculcating  industry  and 
frugality  as  the  means  of  obtaining  wealth  and  therebye  according 
to  Franklins  behef)  securing  virtue;  for  he  though  that  the 
way  to  make  people  happy  was  to  help  them  to  be  good. 

To  the  counsels  ofHPoor  Richard  are  due  to  some  extent 
the  shrewd,  industrous  and  thrifty  habits  of  the  typical  American' 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

AofeLE    MiLLICENT    SmITH 


Copt— I 

READING  COPY 

The  reader's  occupation  is  sedentary  in  the  extreme, 
and  the  monotonous  hum  of  his  own  or  of  the  copy- 
holder's voice  is  apt  to  induce  a  drowsy  condition  in 
which  the  most  palpable  bltmders  may  escape  notice. 
One  of  the  most  deadly  traps  of  the  inexperienced  is 
the  easily  contracted  habit  of  reading  mechanically, 
without  attending  to  the  sense ;  while  it  is  just  as  easy 
to  err  in  the  other  way,  and,  by  reading  solely  for 
sense,  to  be  blind  to  literal  errors  of  grave  importance. 
As  the  result  of  long  experience,  I  find  that  I  am  rarely 
challenged  as  to  any  matter  about  which  I  have  had 
doubts.  It  is  the  false  security  induced  by  oblivion 
and  day-dreaming  that  is  productive  of  heart-searching 
references  to  copy. 

The  International  Printer. 

The  copy  should  be  read  aloud  to  the  corrector  by 
some  person  who  can  pronounce  distinctly  and  with 
ease  every  word  contained  in  it.  The  corrector  holds 
the  proof  and  the  reader  the  copy.  Corrections  should 
be  made  on  the  blank  margins,  opposite  the  lines  in 
which  the  errors  are  respectively  foimd,  and  in  exactly 
the  same  order  in  which  the  errors  occur.  Corrections 
are  generally  separated  from  each  other  by  oblique 
lines.  When  several  errors  occur  in  one  line,  the 
changes  should  be  made  on  the  margin  nearest  the 
several  errors  which  they  are  intended  to  correct. 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co, 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^lb  Millicent  Smith 


Copy— II 

BLOCK-PRINTING 

Printing  from  engraved  blocks  of  wood  or  soft 
metal  was  practised  in  the  fourteenth  century,  when 
rude  figures  of  the  Virgin  and  other  saints,  often 
coarsely  coloured  by  hand,  made  their  appearance. 
About  the  same  time  ornamental  patterns  were  printed 
on  stuffs  from  engraved  blocks.  Cardboard  was  devel- 
oped from  paper,  and  playing-cards,  printed  from 
blocks,  were  common  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries.  All  these  methods  of  printing  were  so  many 
decided  advances  toward  Typography;  but  two  new 
processes  were  still  necessary  to  success,  viz :  a  thicker 
ink  than  previously  used,  and  some  kind  of  press  with 
which  to  make  a  regular  and  even  impression. 

The  next  step  was  the  making  of  that  interesting 
class  of  books  called  "block-books."  These  consisted 
for  the  most  part  of  a  series  of  rude  woodcuts  the  full 
size  of  the  page,  representing  various  parts  of  Scripture, 
History,  Heaven,  Hell,  Death,  and  the  Judgment.  The 
earliest  known  specimens  of  these  works  were  printed 
in  a  brown  ink  similar  to  distemper  drawings.  Lamp- 
black was  already  well  known  to  the  ancients  as  a 
basis  for  writing  ink,  and,  mixed  with  gum  water, 
formed  that  deep  glossy  hue  so  much  admired  in  many 
old  manuscripts ;  but  how  to  thicken  the  ink  so  as  to 
make  it  suitable  for  printing  from  a  raised  surface  was 
a  discovery  of  great  importance,  made  long  before 
typography  was  invented.  This  object  was  attained 
by  the  prolonged  boiling  of  oil,  and  then  grinding  it 
with  carbon  or  lampblack. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:  Blades. 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Copy— III 


THE  POINT  SYSTEM 


Formerly,  the  various  sizes  of  type  were  made  some- 
what haphazard;  the  names  given  to  the  different  sizes, 
as  pica,  primer,  brevier,  bourgeois,  nonpareil,  not  always 
conforming  to  the  exact  measurement  which  the  several 
names  were  supposed  to  indicate.  Twenty  years  ago, 
in  1883,  the  United  Typefounders  Association  adopted 
the  American  point  system,  now  universally  used  in  this 
country.  This  system  establishes  the  point,  one-twelfth 
pica  size,  as  the  unit  of  measurement,  and  all  sizes  are 
multiples  of  this  unit:  pearl,  5-point;  nonpareil,  6;  min- 
ion, 7;  brevier,  8;  bourgeois,  9.  Each  type  bears  a  simple, 
definite  proportion  to  all  others  and  can  be  used  in  combi- 
nation therewith.  This  point  system  involved  a  change 
in  type  styles,  and  the  designer  not  only  had  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  the  innovation,  but  had  also  to  understand 
what  it  signified,  to  know  where  it  limited  his  scope,  and 
where,  on  the  other  hand,  it  gave  him  wider  freedom. 
The  adoption  of  the  American  system  and  other  improve- 
ments thereby  made  possible  have  placed  typefounding  in 
this  country  on  a  more  scientific  basis,  and  the  designers 
have  been  correspondingly  required  to  adjust  their  art  to 
i»ore  scientific  lines. 

John  V.  Sears,  in  The  International 
Printer:  "Modern  Type  Forms." 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


Copy— IV 


MANUSCRIPT  BOOKS 


The  manuscript  books  of  the  middle  ages  were  veri- 
table works  of  art.  Time  was  of  no  consequence  to  the 
copyist,  and  many  years  were  often  employed  in  the  pro- 
duction of  a  single  book.  The  work  of  the  manuscript 
writers  consisted  in  outlining  the  letter  for  the  text,  first 
drawing  in  the  letters  and  afterward  filling  them  in  with 
the  pen.  The  style  of  lettering  usually  adopted  by  the 
copyists  is  preserved  in  a  modified  form  in  the  Old  English 
and  German  text  letters  used  by  modem  printers,  and  in 
the  ecclesiastical  lettering  used  for  inscriptions  in  churches. 

When  the  copyist  had  completed  his  work  the  manu- 
script was  taken  in  hand  by  the  designer,  who  sketched 
in  the  initial  letters,  ornamental  borders,  and  pictures,  and 
handed  it  over  to  the  illuminator,  who  painted  in  the 
coloring.  The  designing  and  illuminating  seem  to  have 
been  the  most  important  features  in  some  of  these  early 
books;  and  many  splendid  manuscripts,  with  their  elabo- 
rate initials  and  delicate  flourishes  and  tracery  spreading 
over  the  entire  margins,  are  still  in  existence,  reminders 
of  an  art  that  once  existed  but  has  now  passed  away,  per- 
haps forever. 

Ernest  J.  Hathaway,  in  The  International 
Printer:  "The  Influence  of  Religion  in 
Early  Bookmaking." 


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Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad£:lb  Millicent  Suith 


Copy— V 

EARLY  PRINTING-PRESSES 

The  first  printers  had  but  small  presses  made  entirely 
of  wood.  Their  power  also  was  slight  and  they  printed,  as 
a  rule,  but  one  page  at  a  time.  The  screw  was  of  wood, 
and  worked  by  a  "bar,"  much  the  same  as  a  modem  nap- 
kin press.  The  chief  thing  was  to  obtain  an  even  surface 
on  the  "bed"  upon  which  the  page  of  type  rested;  and, 
secondly,  an  even  surface  for  the  "platen,"  which  was 
lowered  as  the  bar  turned  the  screw,  and  thus  pressed  the 
paper  upon  the  face  of  the  type.  The  evenness  of  impres- 
sion, as  well  as  of  colour,  in  many  old  books,  shows  that 
this  was  accomplished  with  great  success,  and  proves  what 
good  mechanicians  they  were  four  hundred  years  ago.  It 
is  a  task  which  we  could  not  now  accomplish  so  success- 
fully were  our  modern  tools  and  appliances  withdrawn. 
****************** 

There  were  nearly  always  two  workmen  to  one  press. 
One  "beat"  the  "form,"  that  is,  he  dabbed  two  big  soft 
balls  covered  with  ink  over  all  the  type ;  the  other  placed 
the  white  paper  on  the  "tympan,"  and  ran  the  whole,  by 
means  of  a  winch,  beneath  the  platen,  and  then  made  a 
strong  "pull"  at  the  bar. 

The  Pentateucu  of  Printing:  Blades, 


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Exercises  in  Proofreading 

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AofeLB    MlLLICENT    SmITH 


Copy— VI 

NEWSPAPER  PRINTING 

The  paper  from  wTiich  newspapers  are  printed  is  made 
in  long  webs  or  rolls,  varying  in  length  from  three  to  nine 
miles,  and  is  prepared  at  special  mills.  A  roll  of  paper  is 
placed  at  one  end  of  the  press  just  above  the  floor,  and  the 
end  of  the  sheet  is  led  between  the  cylinders.  The  paper, 
which  enters  the  press  simply  as  a  blank  roll,  flies  swiftly 
from  cylinder  to  cylinder,  receiving  the  impressions  of 
stereotypes,  electrotypes,  and  half-tones,  separates  into 
newspapers  under  the  action  of  the  knife,  again  divides 
into  sections,  and  issues  from  the  press  in  the  form  of  the 
finished  newspaper,  neatly  folded  and  counted,  ready  for 
delivery. 

The  first  journal  in  America  appeared  in  Boston  on 
September  25th,  1690,  under  the  name  of  Publick  Occur- 
rences. This  was  a  pamphlet  rather  than  a  newspaper. 
The  Boston  News-Letter  was  started  in  1704.  The  Boston 
Gazette  appeared  on  December  21st,  17 19,  and  The  Ameri- 
can Weekly  Mercury  of  Philadelphia  one  day  later.  The 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  Philadelphia  was  started  in  1728 
by  Samuel  Keimer,  but  in  less  than  a  year  it  was  bought 
by  Benjamin  Franklin.  In  182 1  it  took  the  name  of  The 
Saturday  Evening  Post;  under  this  title  it  is  still  issued, 
and  is  the  oldest  existing  journal  in  America. 


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Copy— VII 

THE  INVENTION  OF  TYPOGRAPHY 

The  key  to  the  invention  of  typography  was  the  type- 
mould.  The  honor  is  due  to  the  man  who  invented  the 
first  type-mould,  for  types  which  are  cast  are  the  only  ones 
that  can  be  used  to  advantage.  A  fierce  controversy  has 
waged  as  to  who  first  gave  to  the  world  a  knowledge  of 
typography,  but  the  weight  of  evidence  is  strongly  in  favor 
of  John  Gutenberg,  a  printer  of  Mainz. 

We  do  not  know  when  or  where  Gutenberg  made  his 
first  experiments  with  movable  types,  but  before  1439  he 
seems  to  have  been  at  work  at  Strasburg,  endeavoring  to 
perfect  his  art.  From  Strasburg  he  went  to  Mainz,  where 
his  name  appears  in  1448,  in  a  record  of  a  legal  contract. 
Here,  about  1450,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  Johann 
Fust,  or  Faust,  a  wealthy  money-lender,  who  furnished  the 
means  necessary  to  set  up  a  printing-press.  In  a  few  years 
(1455),  Fust  brought  a  lawsuit  against  Gutenberg,  to 
recover  the  sum  of  money  he  had  advanced.  The  verdict 
was  in  Fust's  favor,  and  as  Gutenberg  could  not  pay  the 
money,  the  printing-press  passed  out  of  his  hands.  Although 
now  nearly  sixty  years  old,  Gutenberg  did  not  despair,  but 
determined  to  found  another  office.  Some  of  his  printing 
materials  still  remained  to  him,  and  the  clerk  of  the  town 
of  Mainz  provided  him  with  money.  He  continued  to  work 
for  some  time  in  Mainz.     His  death  occurred  about  1468. 


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Copy— VIII 

EARLIEST   PRINTED  WORKS 

The  earliest  specimen  of  printing  from  movable  metal 
types  known  to  exist  at  the  present  day  is  the  famous 
Letter  of  Indulgence,  of  Pope  Nicholas  V,  to  such  persons 
as  should  contribute  money  to  help  the  King  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Turks.  A  copy  of  this  Indulgence,  now  pre- 
served at  the  Hague,  bears  the  earliest  authentic  date  on  a 
document  printed  from  types — November  15th,  1454. 

The  work  upon  which  Gutenberg's  fame  rests  as  a  great 
printer  is  the  Holy  Bible  in  Latin.  There  are  two  editions 
of  this  work:  one  known  as  the  Bible  of  Forty -two  Lines 
and  the  other  as  the  Bible  of  Thirty-six  Lines'.  It  is  not 
known  which  was  printed  first,  but  it  is  generally  believed 
that  the  forty-two-line  Bible  is  the  earlier.  It  is  believed 
that  this  Bible  could  not  have  been  begun  before  August, 
1450,  and  that  it  was  finished  in  1455,  but  the  exact  dates 
are  not  known.  These  two  editions  of  the  Bible  bear  no 
printed  date.  The  first  book  with  a  printed  date  is  the 
Psalmorum  Codex  of  1457,  issued  bv  Schoeffer.  This 
Psalter  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  finest  work  issued 
by  the  early  press.  It  is  an  imitation  not  only  of  the 
copyist's  but  of  the  illuminator's  art,  with  black  stately 
types,  and  two-colored  initials,  red  and  blue. 


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Exercises  in  Proofreading 

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Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Copy — IX 

MODERN  PRESSWORK 

In  comparing  the  presswork  of  the  sixteenth  century 
with  that  of  the  close  of  the  nineteenth,  it  would  be  a 
satisfaction  if  we  could  point  to  the  same  progress  in  the 
quality  of  work  that  we  find  in  the  speed  with  which  this 
work  is  executed.  Unfortunately,  it  must  be  admitted  that 
this  is  not  uniformly  the  case.  Not  a  little  satisfactory 
book-printing  is  produced  by  the  modern  press,  but  it  is 
nevertheless  the  case  that  the  demands  made  upon  the 
printer  now  for  books  which  can  be  sold  at  a  popular  price 
have  a  tendency  to  bring  forth  a  quality  of  presswork  for 
which  it  is  not  always  possible  to  express  admiration. 

It  is  with  a  feeling  of  relief  that  one  turns  from  some 
of  the  gray  and  muddy  pages  of  the  present  day,  printed 
upon  hard  and  stiff  "pulp"  paper,  to  the  dehghtful  old 
black-letter  volumes  of  two  or  three  centuries  since,  with 
their  clear-cut  sharp  type,  struck  with  deep  black  ink  on 
hand-made  paper  of  such  stock  as  admitted  not  only  of  a 
perfect  impression,  but,  in  addition,  presented  a  surface 
and  a  flexibility  delightful  to  the  eye  and  to  the  touch. 

Authors  and  Publishers:    G.  H.  P,  and  J.  B.  P. 


The  numerous  illustrations  which  give  life  and  add 
value  to  our  books,  magazines,  and  newspapers,  without 
greatly  increasing  their  cost,  have  been  brought  into 
existence  by  the  development  of  the  relatively  new  art  of 
photo-engraving,  which  by  1880  was  beginning  to  supplant 
the  reproducing  of  woodcuts. 

Reproductions  of  any  picture  or  object  in  which  there 
is  a  gradation  of  color,  are  made  by  the  half-tone  process. 
Drawings  or  pictures  consisting  of  simple  lines,  that  is 
without  tones  of  color,  are  reproduced  by  line-plates. 


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Copy— X 

THE  ROMAN  AND  THE  ITALIC  TYPES 

In  1458  the  King  of  France  sent  Nicolas  Jenson  to 
Mainz  to  learn  the  new  art.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he  tried 
to  get  sufficient  money  to  establish  a  press,  but  was  not 
successful  and  went  to  Italy.  In  Venice  he  became  famous. 
Jenson  perfected  the  roman  type,  which  he  used  in  147 1, 
but  the  letter  had  already  been  cast  at  Subiaco  in  1465. 
The  roman  type  of  Jenson  was  a  letter  of  extraordinary 
beauty;  it  has  frequently  been  copied,  but  never  equaled. 
Our  roman  letter  of  to-day  is  derived  from  the  two  scripts 
formerly  used  in  Rome — capitals  from  the  letters  used  for 
inscriptions,  and  small  letters  from  the  cursive  form 
employed  for  business  correspondence. 

Aldus  Manutius  was  an  eminent  printer  who  lived  in 
Venice  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He 
desired  a  compact  type  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  small 
editions  of  the  classics,  and  to  supply  this  need  he  intro- 
duced the  type  first  known  as  Venetian  but  afterward 
called  italic  by  the  Latin  and  the  English  peoples.  It  is  a 
letter  which  inclines  to  the  right,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
formed  from  the  handwriting  of  Petrarch. 

The  Aldine  press  established  at  Venice  was  cele- 
brated for  its  editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics. 
To  assist  in  the  preparation  of  these  volumes,  Aldus 
gathered  around  him,  as  editors  and  proofreaders,  the 
most  scholarly  men  of  the  age.  The  present  system  of 
punctuation  may  be  said  to  have  been  devised  by  him, 
as  before  his  time  but  few  marks  had  been  employed, 
and  the  use  of  these  was  not  well  regulated 


Printed  by 

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Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Copy— XI 


THE    GOTHIC  LETTER 


The  books  issued  by  the  early  printers  were  in  the  gothic 
character.  When  the  new  art  was  first  introduced,  the  wealthy 
looked  upon  the  innovation  as  an  inartistic  trade,  and  the  printers 
therefore  copied  the  characters  of  the  contemporary  manuscripts 
in  order  to  sell  their  works.  The  gothic  letter  had  been  employed 
by  the  copyists  of  Europe  for  several  centuries  before  the  inven- 
tion of  movable  types.  Roman  type  was  first  cast  in  1465  by 
two  German  printers,  Sweinheym  and  Pannartz,  at  Subiaco,  Italy. 
It  was  afterward  perfected  and  used  by  Nicolas  Jenson,  at  Venice. 
The  gothic  and  the  roman  forms  struggled  together  for  some 
time  after  the  introduction  of  printing,  but  the  latter  finally 
triumphed.  Roman  type  was  first  used  in  England  in  15 18,  and 
by  the  year  1600,  books  were  generally  printed  in  that  character. 
The  roman  letter  of  Jenson  was  the  model  adopted  by  William 
Morris  for  the  Kelmscott  Press,  when  it  was  started  at  Hammer- 
smith, England,  in  1891. 

Although  in  printed  works  the  gothic  character  preceded 
the  roman,  the  latter  had  been  employed  in  manuscripts  many 
centuries  before  the  introduction  of  the  gothic  letter.  Gothic 
letter,  in  fact,  was  formed  on  the  roman. 

The  English  name  of  black  letter  was  not  given  to  the  gothic 
character  until  after  the  introduction  of  roman  printing- types. 
Old  English  and  German  Text  are  called  by  printers  black  letter. 


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Copy— XII. 

WILLIAM   CAXTON 

William  Caxton  is  the  first  printer  who  practised  the  art  in 
England.  The  year  of  his  birth  is  not  definitely  known,  but  it 
was  probably  near  1422,  as  he  was  apprenticed  in  1438  to  the 
mercer's  trade.  A  few  years  after  the  latter  date,  he  left  England 
for  the  Low  Cotm tries,  where  he  remained  for  thirty  years.  About 
1470  he  entered  the  service  of  Margaret.  Duchess  of  Burgundy 
and  sister  of  Edward  IV.  Caxton  had  long  been  interested  in 
the  romances  of  the  day  and  had  translated  some  of  them.  Hav- 
ing finished  and  been  rewarded  for  his  trouble  in  translating  "Le 
Recueil  des  Histories  de  Troyes"  for  the  Duchesss  of  Btirgimdy, 
he  foimd  his  book  in  great  request.  The  English  nobles  at  Bruges 
wished  to  have  copies  of  this  the  favorite  romance  of  the  age, 
and  Caxton  found  himself  miable  to  supply  the  demand  with 
sufficient  rapidity.  This  brings  us  to  the  year  1472  or  1473. 
Colard  Mansion,  who  had  obtained  some  knowledge  of  the  art  of 
printing,  although  certainly  not  from  Cologne,  had  just  begun  his 
typographical  labours  at  Bruges,  and  was  ready  to  produce  copies 
by  means  of  the  press,  if  supported  by  the  necessary  patronage 
and  funds.  Caxton  fovmd  the  money,  and  Mansion  the  requisite 
knowledge,  by  the  aid  of  which  appeared  "The  Recuyell,"  the 
first  book  printed  in  the  English  language.  This,  probably,  was 
not  accomplished  till  1474,  and  was  succeeded,  on  Caxton's  part, 
in  another  year,  by  an  issue  of  the  "Chess  Book." 


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Copy— XIII 

PRINTING  IN  CHINA  AND  JAPAN 

In  China  various  attempts  have  been  made  to  substitute 
types  for  engraved  blocks,  but  this  is  difficult  because  of  the  great 
number  of  the  Chinese  characters.  These  characters  do  not  stand 
for  letters  or  sounds,  but  represent  complete  words  or  ideas;  the 
characters  formed  by  combinations  have  been  variously  estimated 
from  forty  thousand  to  over  two  hundred  thousand  in  number; 
not  more  than  fourteen  or  fifteen  thousand,  however,  are  in  regular 
use.  A  Chinese  missionary  house  employs  about  six  thousand 
characters;  for  an  ordinary  newspaper  only  about  four  thousand 
are  necessary;  while  magazines,  which  treat  of  a  greater  range 
of  subjects,  require  ten  thousand.  The  printing-offices  arrange 
the  characters  by  the  radicals.  Movable  types,  both  of  wood 
and  of  metal,  have  long  been  employed  in  China.  Printing  from 
movable  metal  types  is  practised  in  China  mainly  for  the  pur- 
pose of  circulating  the  Bible  and  for  newspapers. 

It  is  indisputable  that  block-printing  was  first  practised  in 
China,  but  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  Europe  originally  derived 
her  knowledge  of  this  art  from  the  East. 

In  Japan  the  earliest  example  of  block-printing  dates  from 
the  middle  of  the  eighth  century.  Because  of  the  avidity  with 
which  the  Japanese  have  taken  hold  of  Western  learning,  printing 
is  extensively  carried  on  in  Japan,  both  blocks  and  types  of  metal 
being  employed. 


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BxBRCisES  IN  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^le   Millicent  Smith 


Copy— XIV 

BEGINNINGS  OF  PRINTING  IN  AMERICA 

In  America  printing  began  in  the  city  of  Mexico.  The  first 
printer  was  Juan  Pablos,  and  the  first  book  printed  was  "La 
Escala  Espiritual  para  Llegar  al  Cielo"  (A  Spiritual  Ladder  for 
Reaching  Heaven)  of  San  Juan  Cilmaco,  issued  about  1536.  So 
far  as  known,  no  copy  of  this  book  now  exists.  A  press  was. 
estabUshed  at  Lima,  Peru,  about  1584.  The  first  printing-press 
in  North  America  was  erected  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
through  the  efforts  of  the  Rev.  Joss  or  Jesse  Glover,  who  died 
while  bringing  the  materials  to  that  place.  Glover's  wife  married 
Henry  Dvmster,  the  president  of  Harvard  College,  and  he  assumed 
the  management  of  the  press.  It  was  operated  by  Stephen  Daye, 
a  workman  who  sailed  with  Glover,  and  in  1639  it  issued  "The 
Freeman's  Oath"  and  an  almanac.  Its  first  important  work 
was  the  "The  Bay  Psalm  Book,"  printed  in  1640. 

Printing  was  begun  in  Boston  in  1676,  by  John  Foster.  The 
first  press  in  Philadelphia  was  set  up  by  William  Bradford,  and 
the  first  work  issued  by  him  was  an  almanac,  in  1685.  Bradford 
afterward  removed  to*  New  York  and  began  printing  in  that  city 
in  1693. 

Among  the  early  books  published  in  America,  a  few  still 
retain  their  interest,  not  only  for  their  quaintness  but  because 
of  the  influence  they  have  exerted  on  the  national  character. 

John  Cotton's  Catechism,  or  "Milk  for  Babes,"  first  issued 
in  England,  was  reprinted  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in  1656. 
This  catechism  was  afterward  included  in  another  famous  book, 
"The  New  England  Primer,"  the  first  edition  of  which  is  supposed 
to  have  appeared  between  1687  and  1690.  The  one  feature 
which  must  have  made  the  Primer  popular  with  children  was 
its  illustrations,  especially  the  rhymed  alphabet  cuts. 


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Exercises  in  Proofreading 

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Copy— XV 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN 

Benjamin  Franklin  was  bom  in  Boston  on  the  17th  of 
January,  1706,  and  died  in  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  of  April, 
1790.  He  began  his  apprenticeship  as  a  printer  in  17 18,  and 
worked  as  a  journeyman  in  Philadelphia  in  1724,  and  in  London 
in  1725.  He  retxirned  to  Philadelphia  in  1726,  and  there  began 
as  master  printer  in  1729.  As  editor  and  publisher  he  soon  made 
himself  a  man  of  note.  He  invented  the  Franklin  stove  in  1742; 
he  proved  the  identity  of  lightning  and  electricity  in  1752;  he 
was  made  clerk  of  the  Assembly  in  1736;  postmaster  of  Philadel- 
phia in  1737;  deputy  postmaster-general  for  the  Colonies  in  1753; 
representative  of  Pennsylvania  before  the  Council  of  England  in 
1757.  and  again  in  1764;  delegate  to  Congress  in  1775;  ambassador 
to  France  in  1776;  commissioner  to  England  in  1783;  president 
of  Pennsylvania  from  1785  to  1787;  delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  in  1787. 

The  Practice  of  Typography: 
Theodore    Low    DeVinne. 

In  1732  Franklin  issued  the  first  number  of  "Poor  Richard's 
Almanack,"  which  was  published  every  year  for  a  quarter  of  a 
century.  "Poor  Richard"  made  Franklin  famous.  He  had 
noticed  that  in  many  homes  this  almanac  was  the  only  book. 
He  therefore  filled  the  spaces  between  the  remarkable  days  in 
the  calendar  with  proverbial  sentences  inculcating  industry  and 
frugality  as  the  means  of  obtaining  wealth  and  thereby  (according 
to  Franklin's  belief)  securing  virtue;  for  he  thought  that  the 
way  to  make  people  good  was  to  help  them  to  be  happy.  To  the 
counsels  of  Poor  Richard  are  due  to  some  extent  the  shrewd, 
industrious,  and  thrifty  habits  of  the  typical  American. 


Copyright,  1904.  Printed  by 

^y  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

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Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adelb  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  I — Corrected 

READING  Copy  «.«o^ 

X.  o.  X  '^^^  Keader's  occupation  is  sedent/zfry  in  the  extreme,  <W' 

(^  and  the  monotyfnous  hum  of  his  own  or  the  03py-  *^/-^-e.. 

♦  holders  voice  is  apt  to  indu^  a  drowsy  condition  in  V 

which  the  most  palpable  blunders  may  escape  notice. 

V  One  of  the  most  d^ly  traps  of  the  inexpe^enced  is  the  ^/ 

easily  contracted  habit  of  reading  mechanicaW,  with-  -c-/ 

^/^/jf  out  a'^nding  to  the  sen)2fe  while  itjusjik^asy  to  err  in  -^/H 

I y  I the  other  way,  and^by  reading  solely  for  sense,  to 

Ji  A,/         be  blind  to  li^ral  e^rs  of  grave  importance.      As 
the  result  of  long  experience,  I  find  that  I  am  rarely 

^^/  A^  chajenged  as  tornatter  about  which  I  have  had I  I 

\  doubts,   /t  is  the  false   security  induced  by  Oblivion  -^  <t. 

and  day-dreaming  that  is  prj^ductive  of  heart-searching  o/ 
references  to  copy. 

The  International  Printer.  a^,^-^.  a.. 

The  copy  should  be  read  aloud  to  the  corrector  0/ 

^  by  some  personWhgfcan  pronounce  distin^ly  and  with  g/ 

•  ease  *^very  ''word  "^contained    in    it.     The  *^orrect^r  *^  */ 

^.  c..  holds  the  proof  and  the  Reader  the  copy.    I Cori^fec-  I /v/ 

S/  ^^^^  should  be  made  on  the  bla^k  marg)ti    opposite  ^^^/i/s/ 

Af  the  lines  in  which  the  erprs    are    respectively    found^  >/ 

xf  and  in  e/actly  the  same  order  in  which   the  errors 

aJ  occur.      Coi^ctions  are  generally  sepp-ated  from  each  a/' 

tcj/O  other  by  obli(^  lines^   When  sever;?!  errors  occur  in  <^/ 

yti,  one   line,   the  changes  sh{^d   behiad^n  the  margin  '^    *•/ 

nearest    the    several    errors    wich    they    are    intended  -^Z 
Jyf           to  corect. 


Copyright,  1904. 

by 

AdUe  UiUicent  Smith 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


AokLB   MiLLlCENT    SmITH 


X 
urf..%    if 

•*/ 

X 

V 


if 


V 


% 


ExBRCiSB  II — Corrected 

BLOCK-PRINTING. 


Printing  from  engmved  blocks  of  wood  oj^  soft 
metal  was  practised  in  >he  fourteenth  century  when 
rude  figure/  oj^  the  Virgin  and  other  Saints,  often 
coarsely  colored  by  hand,  made  their  appearance^ 
About  the  sajple  time  ornamental  pa^ms  were  printed 
on  stufl|^  from  engraved  blocks.  Cardboardj^  was  devel- 
oped ^om  paper,  and  playinj^-cards,  printed  from I 

blocks,  were  common  in  the  fcjfteenth  and  fifteenth 
centures.  All  these  methods  of  printing  were  so  many 
decided  advancejil'  toward  ;feypography/  but  two  new 
proce^s/Still  ^e^  necj^ry  to  success,  viz :  a  thicker 
ink  than  previoiil^sed,  and  /ome  kind  of  ^  press  with 
\^ch  to  make  a  regular  and  even  ij^presion. 

The  next  step  was  making  of  that  interest^class  of 
books  called  "block-books^The/e  consisted  for  the  most 
Dart  of  a  setits  of  rude  woodcuts  the  full  size  of  the  pagesr 
representing  various  parts  of  Scripture,  Histry  .hea- 
ven, Hell,  ^eath,  and  the  Judgment.  The  earlj^st 
known  specimens  of  th^se  works  were  printed  in  a 
brown  ink  similar  to  distemper  drawings.  Lamp^ 
black  was  already  well  known  to  the  ancSj^ts  ^s  a 
bas^s  for  writing  ink,  anc^  mixed  with  gum  water, 
formed  that  deep  glq^  hue  so  much  admired  in 
many  old  nfanuscripts  but  how  to  thicken  the  ink  as  to 
make  it  suitable  for  printing/ from  a  raised  surface 
was  a  discoYfy  of  great  importance,  made  long  before 
typography  was  invented.  This  object  was  atained 
by  the  prolon^g^d  boiling  of  oil  and  then  grinding 
it  with  carbon  o^  lampblack. 

The  Pentateuch  ^f  Printing:     Bladeg. 


=    y/ 

® 
tr/ 


_J 


X  s/ 

h/ 


^Ixi^. 


Copyright,  1904. 

by 

Ad^e  Millicent  Smith 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


AokLE   Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  111 — Corrected 


C«--M-C*Ix^ 


THE  POINT  SYSTEM 


FormerW  the  varous  sizes  of  type  were  made  some- 
what hajTJiazard ;  the  na0e^ given  to  th^ifferent  sizes  as 
Xica,  primer,  brevier,  bourgpis,  nonpareil  not  always  con- 
forming to  the  exact  measurement^  which  the  sever^ 
names  were  supposedloindicate^  Twenty  years  ago,  in 
1883  the  United  Typefounders  Association  adapted  the 
American  ^oint  ^stem,  now  universal v  used  in  this 
country.  ,Th^  system  establishe^i  the  point,  one-twelfth  pf 
pica  size,  as  the  unit  of  measurement,  and  all  siZes  are 
'J  T^  multiples  of  this  unitpearl,  5  point;  nonpareil,  6;  min- 

yl  >  j  ¥(  ^^\1  •  brevier,  8  bourgeois,  9.     Each  type  bears  a  simple^ 

3  definite  pro^portion  to  all  others  and  canftet  be  used  in 

^  combination^  therewith.      This  ^oint  system  involve/  a 

/>y/^/  cha/ge  in  type/ styles,  and  the  designer ^ad) not  onlyJ,to  be 

y't^l  acquainted  with  the  inovation,  but^also  %£^  to  understand 

X-  /  -J^*i-#-Mr'         what  it  signifid,  to  »»  where  it  limited  his   scope/  and 
J^  were,  on   the    other    hand,  it  gave    him   wider    fredom. 

*-jJ         The  ad-ftp*€fction  of  the  American  system/  and  other  im- 
J^  provements  /fnade  (^hereb^  posible    ha^    placed    type- 

/>t/  founding  in  this  country  on  a  more  scientific  basffs,  and 

«^<«../i/  tHe  designers  have  been  corespondingly  required  to  adju/t 

^  th^  art  to  more  scientific  lines 

John  V.  Sears,  m  The  International 
•/  Printer/  "  Modern  Type  Forms.^ 


o 

// 
V 

K 

o 


M 


Copyright,  1904.  Primed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

A4*le  »IOUc«>t  Smith  PhiladelphU 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 
AD&LE    MlLLICENT    SmITH 


Exercise  IV — Corrected 

MANUSCRIPT  BOOKS 

«,/                 The  manscript   books  of  "^the  fiddle  ages  were  vei;^-  >^  ^-  ^'/C/ 

O           table  works  of  art^    Time  was  of  no  cons^uence  to  the  ^/ 

^    &i           cop/ist,  and  many  y^ars  were  often  employed  ivfth^TO-  )^ 

Am^*.4J^            duction  of  a  simple  book.    The  work^  of  the  manuscript  ^ 

t^         writers  consist  in  outlining  the  letter  for  the  text,  first 

/l5|^           drawing  in  the  letters/and  afterward/ filling  them  in  with  c^ 

^          ^the   pen. The   style   of  lettering  us^ly   ad^ted    by  the  ^V*/ 

X    S/           copyi/tis  preserved  in  a  tQTvn/  modmed^in  the  Old  English  >ti^, />t«>^./ 

C4LyL/A           and  ^erman  text/letters  use"d  by  modren  printers^ and  in  A../^/ 

c  /  s  /           the  ec^ej^^iastical  lettering  used  for  inscriptions  in  churches^  Q 

CD    ;^           When  the  copyistfiad  completed  his  wo^  the  manusc^pt  -#^  ;^  0 

)(  ..         was  taken  in  h;[nd  by  the  designer,  who  skeched   in   the  -t/ 

S/           initial  letter,  ornamental  borders,  and  pictures  and  handed  j/ 

^/          it  over   to   the    ikiminator,  who   painted  in  the  colour-  c^ 

,clv*^/>^/        ing.      The  desigrr  and    iluminating    seem  to  have  been 

u     q\            caally  the  most  important  feature,  in  some  of  these  early  s/ 

,  /           books/  and  many  splendid  manuscripts,  with  thef^  elab-  tX/  o/ 

rate  initials  and   delicate   fl(^ishes   and   trac^y   spread-  X^*/ c/ 

ing   over    the    entire    margins,   are /'In    existence  ^stil)),  -^X/./ 

L^*-           1       reminders  of  an  Xrt  that^^xisled^^ncg) but^lTowQia^  -  ;tx^. 

I passed  away,  perhaps  forever^  (^ 

Ernest  J.  Hathaway,  in  The  International 
.7  Printer/ "The  Influence  of  Religion  in 

Early  Bookmaking." 


Copyright,  1904, 

by 

AdMe  MilUcent  Smith 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


ax/ 

c  % 

'i'hi 

X     ^ 


Exercise  V — Corrected 

EARLY  PRINTING-PRESSES 

The  fi§rt  printe^had  but  srp.aX\  presses/ made  entirely 
of  wood.  Theis*  power  also  was  slight  and  they  printed 
as  a  rule,  but  one  page^a  time.  Jrtie  screw  was  of  wood, 
and  worked  by  a^bar,"  much  th^am^s  a  modren  napkin 
]^ess.  The  chie^thing  was  to  obtain  an  even  surface  on 
the  "bed"  upon  w;^ich  the  page  of  type  rest;  and  secT- 
ondly,  an  even  surface  for  the  "platen,"  whicjf'was  low- 
ered as  the  bar  tuOiec^he  screw,  and  thus  pressed  the 
P^per  upon  the  face  of  the  type.  The  evei^ess  of  impres 
sion.as  well  as^colou^  in  many  old  bopks,  show^that  this 
w/s  accomplished  with   grata  success,  and   pro/es  what 

good  me^anicians  they  were  fof«  hundred  years  ago. 

it  IS  a  task  whj^  we  could  not  accomplish  so  success- 
iully  wJAere  our  modem  tools  and  alliances  withdrawii. 

^here  Wris  nearly  always  two  workmen  to  one  press.  One 
"beat"  the  "^orm,"  that  is^  he  dabbed  two  big  soft  balls 
covered  with  inki<Sir^vej>the  type;  the  other  place/ the 
white  paper  on  the  "tympXn,^and  ran  the^ole,  by  means 
of  a  wXinch,  beneath  the  platen,  and  then  made  a  strong 
pull^at  the  bar. 

The  Pentateuch  of  Printing:  Blades 


\2i    S/ 

■A/0 


■/ 


f) 


Copyright,  I9«4. 

by 

AdMe  MiUic«at  Smitb 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Ca 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad&lb   Millicent  Smith 


X    Z 
o/,/ 

X 

I3U 


/// 


ExBRCiSB  VI — Corrected 

NEWSPAPER  PPvINTING 

The  paper  from  which  newsfpapers  are  printed  is 
made  in  very  long  webs  or  rolls,  varying  in  length  from 
three,  to  ninety  miles,  and^prepared  at  special  mills.  A 
roll  of  p;(per  is  pl<J;ed  at  one  end  of  the  press^above  the 
fiojrfr/  and  the  end  of  the  sheet  is  4ihen  led  between  the 
cylinders^he  pape^  which  enters  t^e  press  simply  as  a 
> 

blank  rj/U,  flies  swiftly  from  qHinder  to  cylinder,  recevlTmg 
the  impressior^ of  s^eotypes,  electrptypes,  and  h;ylf-tones. 
separ^es  in^  newspapers  u/der  the  action  of  the  knife, 
/divides  (^gain) intfi  sections,  and  issoes  fdrm  tffie  prass  in 
the  fornioT  th^  finisyed  neMrspapjfer,  ne'a/ly  ^oldec/  and 
counted^r^iady  ^r  delpery. 

The  first  Jburnal  in  America  apeared  in  Boston  on 
September  25th,  1690,  under  the  name  Public  Occurj^nces^ 
This  was  a  pamphlet yrather  than  a  newspaper.The  Boston 
News-Letter  was  started  in  1704.  The  Boston  Gazette  ap- 
peared on  December  21^1719,  and  ;fehe  American  Weekly 
Mercury/of  Philadelphia/one  day  later.  The  Pennsylvania/ 
dflze^  of  Philadelphia  was  started  in  1728  by  Samuel 
K^g/mer,  but  in  less  th^n  a  year  it  was  b^ght  by  Benjamin 
Frankli  .Jjln  iSayit  took  the  name  of  T^Saturday  Even- 
ing Post:  under  this  title  it  is  still  ifigued^and  ts  the  oldest 
existing  jf'ournal  in  America. 


o/x  V 


tr/ 


4 


0/ 


Copyright.  1004,  Printed  by 

by  T hfi  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

A<i^1c  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 
AofeLE    MiLLICENT   SmITH 


Exercise  VII — Corrected 

THE  INVENTION  OF  TYPOGRAPHY 

The  key   to   the   invention  of  typography  was  the  '^-  »• 

/■/  type^ould.      The  honor  is  dji^e  to  the  m;fn  who  invented  u,/  a^/ 

^1'^  the   Grst  type-m<^d,   for  types  which   are  cast  are   the  /l-c-wx^. 

7^,  /Snes^^nT^  that  can  be  used  to  advantage.     A  ^rce  con-  -^  / 

A'/  troverjfy  has  waged  as  to  v/ho  first  gave^the  world    a  "Z«/ 

c6/^/  knowl^e  of  tjj^pography,  but  the  w^ht  of  evidence  is  ^^^. 

i^.  stron^y  in  favor  of  John  Gutenberg,  a  printer  of   9<ainz^  -t^-    O 

(^   Ji/         |We  do  not  know  when  or  -v^ere  Gut/enberg  made  his  ist  a^  ^...^^,2 

-^y  experiments  with  movable  type,  but  before  140^  he  seems  3/ 

"fi*  ^rgtrasburg)  to  have  been  at  wotj^  endeavoring  to  p^  ^• 

^    oX  feet  his  art.  From  Strasb;2<urg  he  went  to  MainZ  where  -€-.&.    ;./ 

S/  9/  his  name  appeared-  in  i448^in  a  record  of  a  legal  contract.  <^  aM:^ 

pI  *x^  Here  about  1450,  he  enter^  into  partnei^hip  with  Johann  ^ 

f^l'^/         (gleans  nece^ry  to  set  up  a  printing-press. 

yl  %  iFustpr^aust.  a  wealthy  monevlender,  who  furnished  the  /"/ 

5"/  W  In  a  few  years  (14^5),  Fust  brought  a  law3uit  against  ^ 

W  j/P*-.  Gutenbjdrg  to  recover  <t;tlie  suin^oney  he  had  advanced. 

J     \^  ^he  verdict  was  in  Fust^  favor,  and  as  Gut/enberg  could  «X 

not  pay  the  money,  the  printingpress  passed  out  of  his  // 

hands.     Although   now   nearly /old,  ("sixty   years)  Gutyfn-  x^./-e/ 

^/  berg   did   not   4^spair,   but   determined   to   f^d   another  (rr^/ 

<y^  berg   did   not   dicpair,   bn-t    determined   to    find    another 

otnce.     bome  ot  his  printmg/^iIKjTiateriajs^remained  to  '^' 

-^•e.  him,  and  the  ^lerk  of  the  town  of  Rlimz  provided  him 

^  witl/  momr.     H^  continueyd  to  work /for  some   tin^e   in 

M^z.     His  de^h  occurr^  about  14^8.  /  <(f, 


Copyright.  1904, 
by 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 


Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


/■/     ^ 

-    '/ 


Exercise  VIII — Corrected 

EARLIEST  PRINTED  Works 

The  earnest  specimen  of  printing  from  moveable  metal 
types  *^nown  *^to  exist  at  the  present  day  is  the  famou;^ 
Letter  of  Indulgence,  of  ^ope  Nicholas  V,  to/p^sons  ^uc^ 
as  should  contribute  money  to  help  the  King  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Tur^fs.  «^A  *^opy  of  this  Indulgen^e^  now 
preserved  at  the  Ha^e,  bears  the  earliest/tate  ^thentl^ 
on  a  document  prif^ted  from  type^  November '^15,    1454. 

The  work  upon  which  Gutenb^frg's  fame  rests  as  a 
a  gr^  printer  is  the  Jjfoly  Bible  in  Latin.  There  are 
etfe  s-  editions  of  this  work  one  known  as  the  Bible  of 
Fort}^two  Lines  and  the  otj^r  as  the  Bible '^of  Thirty-six 
Lines,  o 

(It  is  known  not  was  which  printed  first,  but  it  is  ie 

generally   beleived    that   the   the   forty-two.  line    Bible   is 

earlier.      It  is  beloved   that   this   Bible  could^have  been 

begun   before  August^  1450,   and  that  it  was  finished  in 

145/,   but   the  exaj/t    dates    are    not    known.     These    -2- 

editions  of  the  Bible  bearj^  no  printed  date.     The  first 

book  with  a  printed  date  is  the  Psalmorum  /odex  of  1457, 

i^ed    by   Schgeffer.      This   ]^alter   Codox-  is  regarded    by 

many    as   the   ^i^est   work/    issued   by    the    early   press. 

It  is  an   ini^ation  not  only  of  the  copyists  but  of  thefilu- 

jjninators  art,  with  blj/ck  stately  types,  and  twc' colored" 

initials^  red  and  blue.  ' 

A 


C<L-^/«,t.-*vZciL— 


o 

S/ 


Copyright,  19041 

by 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith 


Printed  by 

The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

AofiLE  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  IX — Corrected 

MODERN  PRESSWORK 

^In  comparing  the  pressTwork  of  the  sixteenth  century  mtll 
that  of  the  close  of  the  i^th,  it  would  be.satisfaction if  we 

•  could  »«*  point  to  the  same  progress  in  tne  quality  of  wofk 
that  we  find  in^speed  with  which  th^  work  is  ej^ted. 
Unfortunately^it  must  be  admi^d  that  tbftt  this  is  not  uni- 
formly the  case.  Not^little  satisfactory^  boo^f)rintingis(fio- 
duced  by  the  modern  press/  but  ^eymhe^e^it  is>the  case 
that  the  demands  made  (^ow).upon  the  printerj^for  books 
whichtayb^old  at  a  poj^ar  price  hs4  a  tenden^  to  bring 
foj^rth  a  quaftfeityofpressTVork  for  which  it  is  not  posible 
to  express  admiralion.  (It  is  with  a  feeling  of  great  relief 
that  one  turns  from  some  of  the  gr^yjpages  of  the  present 

G\\\  old  black-letter  volumes  of  two  or  ^  centuries  sinafe, 

l^day ,  printed  u;>6n  hard  and  stiff^pulp  paper,  to  the  delight- 
with  their  clearcut  sharp  type,  struck  wih  deep  black  ink 
on  hand-made  paper,  of  such  stock  as  admited  not  only 
o^  a  perfect  impression,  bu^^in  addition,  presen'tfed  a  sur- 
face and  a^exibility  delightful  to  the  eye  and  to*d-the 
4i»e/ouch. 

Authors  and  Publishers:  G.  H.  P.  and  J.  B.  P. 


Id. 


The  numj^rous  illustrations  which  give^  life  and  add 
value  to  our  books,  magazines  and  new^apers,  without 
th"eir  increasing  greatly  cost,  have  been  brought  in. 
existence  by  the  develop^ment  of  the  relatively  new  art  of 
Jf'hoto-engraving,  which  by  1880/was  beginning  to  suppliant 
the  reproducing  of  woodcuts. 

Reproductions  of  any  picture  or  ob^ct  in  which  there 
is  a  grac^ion  of  color,  ie-  made  by  the  half-tone  process. 
Drawmgs  or  j^ictures  consisting  of  single  lines,  that  is 
without  tones  of  color  are  oroduced  by  lineplates. 


/-/ 


Cbpyright.  I0O4.  Printed  by 

^y  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Adble  MiUicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^lb  Millicbnt  Smith 


Exercise  X — Corrected 

THE  ROMAN  AND  ^  ITALIC  TYPES  «*^ 

<A  In  1458/  the  King  of  France  sent  Nicjiolas  Jenson  to  *^ 

^  O  Mianz  to  learn  the  new  art^  On  his  retu^  to  Paris  he  tried  ^ 

ih'  y  to  get  sufficient  mony  to  establish  *he  press,  but  was  not  ^1 

<V  ^  suc^ssful  and  went  to  Italy^    In  Venice/he  became  famous.  «^ 

I  0/7X.  J^ns^  p%fected  the  roman  type,  whicjrf  he  used  in  1471/  •^•'Z 

^  ^  but  the  1/ltter  had  already  been  cast  at  Sul^^co  in  1465.  If 

^^/  V  The  roman  letter  of  Jenson  was  a  letter  of  extrOrdinary  C? 

j  /  ty  beaut^y  it  has  frec^ntly  been  copied,  but  never  imitated.  ■*^<»*'^«-^/ 

Our  roman  letter  of  to-day  is  derj^d  from  the  two  script/  iV  ^ 

«A^/--/  formally  used  in  Romefcapitals  from  the  letters  used  from  'r'*/ 

(y  insriptions,    and    small    letters    form    the  ^rsive    form  "X*^    c/ 

t/  c  employed  for  bti^ess  coiCJespondence. 

•^  Aldus  ^Aanutius  was  an  eminent  printer/  who  lived  in  o^  *^ 

1 1  /v\j  Venice   at   the   begining   of   the   sijiteenth   century.     He  *-l  '^^ 

o\  k«  desired  a  compact  type  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  small  X, «. 

V  editions  of  the  classics,  and  to  supply  this  need  he  intro- 

»Y  duced  the  type   first   knon  as  Verutian  but.  called  italic  V"/^"'***''-/ 

J.     v\  afterward  by  the  Latin  and  the  English  people.  Jt  is  a  S/# 

^   ^  -af  letter  'v^ch  inclines  to  the  right,  and  is  suppcj^d  to  be^rmed  '*^"'^PCZi' 

%  from  the  Handwriting  of  Petrarch.  JThe  ^dine  press  estaF-  q|  *>• 

-^  lished  at  Venice  was  cele)Irated  for  its/ditions  of  the^reek  i^\»^ 

X    cf  and  and  Latin  classi/f s.    To  assist  him  in  the  pren^ation  of  •^  «-'/ 

«7  these  volumes,  A\6.f>s  gathered  arotind  him,  editors  and  om^/ 

^    ^  «r4  prooffVeaders,  the  most  scolarly  men  of  ^  age.    The  ^fxt^l 

Ji.e,  present  system  of  yF^unctuation   may  be   said ^  have  beeTT  "^Z  H^ 

^  /  7a^  devi/ed  by  him,  ast/l)ut  few  marks  Cbeforehis  time)  had 

y/  been  emploc^ed,  and  the  use  of  th^se  was  not  weil/regulate3\  a/«^  © 


1 


Copyright,  1904,  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

AdMe  MiUicent  Smitb  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 
AofeLE    MiLLICENT    SmITH 


Exercise  XI — Corrected 

THE  GOTHIC  LETTER 

The  book  issued   by  the  6*»*   printers  were_in  the  ^thic  x^m.-^^-^-*. 

character^.     When  the  new  art  was^introduced/fire^  the  wealthy  ^^^-     j/ 

<••/  looked  upon  the   imjvation  as  an  artistic  trade,  and  the  printers  ***./ 

JtfL.  ,/copiedVthereforg)  the  characters  of-ef  the  cotemporary  manuscript^  ^  '**/s/ 

-^  in  order  to  sell  thcF©  works.    The  gothic  letter/  had  been  empl5)sted  •^   ^^v^, 

0/  by  the  Cj;^pyists  of  Exirope  for  many  centuries  before  the  inven-  .ax^it-m.*/^ 

ft^  O   '>^  v««tion  of  movable  types    Roman  type  wasiifst  cast  in  1465  by  -f^ 

Attcy' J^  two  German  printers,  Swemhem  and    Panartz   at   Subiaco,  Italy.  /*^/  >/ 

xk/i  It  was  afterward  p^fected  and  used  by  Nicjiolas  Jens^,  at  Venice/  ^    0/  O 

Ji,t.J%^  The  gothic   and   the  ^oman   filsMis   strugjled   together    for   some  «^/ 

/lo/  time    after   the    intefduction    of   printing  but    the    letter  ^ally  y/ o^/Jp, 

JL/  ^  triump^d.      Roman  type  was/Ised\|irp  in  England  in  1^18,  and  by  S" /  A 

6/j/  ^.  by  the  year  ijf,oo  books  were^/printed  (generall]^  in  «*   that  typo.  v^  c-X»*-»-t-/ 

Jt^  The  nftman  let^lJer  of  J^r/son  was  tVie  modle /adopted  by  William  J^-  ' 

%  /  e*^  Morris  for  the' Kelmji^coct  £ress,  wften  H  was  started  ^  Hammer-  X 

y/  O  smjth^EnglaJld,  in  189/^ 

S  /  -xiut.  Although   in    printed   work   gothic   character^      *^  preceded  ♦^  ♦^  */ 

<y  the  roman,   the  l^ter  had  been  emplo/ed  in  manuscript^  many  ^^  V 

centuries  before   the  introduction   of  gothic  letter^.      L_ Gothic  tfLt./sf    1 — 
y  I  <y*V           letter  in  fact  was  formed  from  the  roman. 

>W*«,  The    English   name   of   black   letter  was   given    to   the.carac-  .,.vr=t^/^^-*^ZZ*<*/fc. 

oJi^  •tketer  until  after  the  introduction  of  roman  printing  types.     Old  /'/ 

%  English  and  German /ext  are  call/d  by  printers  black  letter^.  ^1^ 


Copyright,  1904.  Printed  bf 

hy  The  John  C.  Winston  Cc. 

AdMe  Mfllicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^le  Millicbnt  Smith 


Exercise  XII — Corrected 

WILLIAM    CAXT/ON 


TLf  William  Canton  is  the  first  printer  who  practiced  the  /frt  ri^ 

L  ^    «y  (England.     The  yfear  of  his  bvtrth  is  not  definitely  known/  b)((t  it  )/  X 

6^  K  ay  •**  was  probably  near  1422,  for  he  was  aprenticed  in   1438  to  the  -^/ 

vJ'  /;  O  mercere  trade^   A  few  years  after  the  latter  data  he  left  England  a  ?/ 1^- 

va^  ?/  for  the  ^w  Countries^where  he  remained  for  3*  years.      About  ^.f^UA.  •-m^ 

^  1479/  he  entered  the  service  of  Margret,  Duchess   jrf   Burgundy  <^/  »/ 

and  sister  of  Edward   IV.     Cax'Ji'on  h^d  long  been  intxested  in  c^  -^/ 

*J  the  romances  of  the  day^  and  had  translated  some^them.     Hav-  "^ 

•f^  ing  fthished  and  been  rewarded  for  his  trouble  in  translating  Le  V 

Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes^  for  the  ^uchess  of   Burgundy,  ^    a*-/' 

e^    /ifc^faM^  he  found  his  book^  in  great  dccacm^-.    The  English  Nobles  at  Bruges  ■^^••• 

X    :<fc^/  w^isbed    to   have  copies  of^the  favorite  romance/  of    the  ^ge.  cA  ^-t. 

•**^  and   Caxton    fotmd    himself  ^able  to    supply  the    demajid  with  ■"^^ 

HZ  ^Z*"'/  stihcierit  rapic^y.     This   brings   us   to   the   year    1472/  or    147 3  cX    O 

CaJLtA^Jtc.  3/  M^isom  who  had  obtained   some  knowleee   of  art  of   printing,  eO/ .Z^/ 

'       X  although   certain!^  not  from   Colone,  had   jtlst   oegun  his   t^po-  9  /  y^/ 

**-/  V  graphical   labc^rs   at  Brugs,  and  was   ready  to   reproduce   copies  " 

5i  by  means  of  the  pi'^ss,  11  supported  by  the  necesary  patronage  ^/ 

and  funds.     Caxton  found  the  money,  and  Majjrsion  the  requisite  ■'♦*/  ZZZZT 

V  knowledge,   by  the  aid  of  wich  appeared   "The   Recuyell,"    the 

"tCi    ^  jt5bok(^irs^ printed  in  the^nglish  language.  This,  probably  was (Ifiotac-  ;ji^   ^//t«^i^ 

~"  complished    till    1474,  and   was   succeeded    on    Caxtons    part,    in  >/  ^   K 

AJ  another  yea,  by  an  issue  of  the  Che-ss  Book.,  ~<r^ 


L 


Copyright.  1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co, 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XIII — Corrected 

PRINTING  IN  CHINA  ^  JAPAN 

o^  In    Chiaa/  various   attempts   have    been    made   to   stibsUite 

I     ^  *TPeAfor  engraved  blocks   but  this  is  di^ult  became  of  the  greaT 

2J  -**«•  number^  of  the  Cl.inese  OTiaracters.     These  caracters  do  n«t,  stand 

•^     —  for  letters/  or  ^Oujids^  bu^  represent  complete  words/ or  ideas,  the 

"t^-  characters  foryled  by  combination  have  been  variously  estimated-^ 

i,j^Ut  o'u^  from    It*  thousand   to   over   twofhimdred^thousand    in    number/; 

lioij;    ' — ' 

f    «y  the  cha/acters    by  the    radicles,    ^^o/able  types ^ 

•^/xC  and  of  met^l,  have/b^en  empioye(l\lon^  in  China_^fc*rinting  from 

.X*i /xy  movabsi  metal  types  ftfe  practised  m  China  ma<CTy  for  the  pur- 

O  pose  of  ciQtilating  the  Bible  and  ^kt%  new^apers. 

■^^^^^-^     yj  It  is  mdisputable/  that  block-pnnting  was  first  practiofed  in 

China,  but  there  is  rfothing  vi4««h'prove  that  Europe  origij^ally 
*7    —  d/rived  hgrl<Jiowledge  of  thTs^art     ^  fromTRe  ^ast. 

C^  In  Japan/ the  earliest  example  of  block  printing  dates  from 

cLf  f^  the   mi<ie    of   the   eighty  century  1 Because  of  the  avidity   with 

which  the  Japanese  have  *©©k  hold  of  -/estem  learning, 
printing  is  extensively  carried  on  0n  Japan,  both  blocks/ and 
types  of  metal  being  employed.  ' 


L 


t 


Copyright    1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

Ad^le  Millic€nt  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofre.^ding 

BY 

Ad^le  Millicent  Smith 


ExBRCiSB  XIV — Corrected 

S/  BEGINNING^ OF  PRINTING  IN  AMERICA/  ^ 

tA     aJ  In  Americay  printing  begytn  in  the  ^ity  of  Mexico.     The  first  ^■''^ 

^  printer  was  Juan/(   Pablos,   and   the  first  book   printed   was   La  'v' 

Escala  Espiritual  para  Llegar  al  Cielo"   (A  Spiritual  Ladder'^for 

y  iieaching  Heaven^  of  San  Juan   Climaco,  isued   about    1/36.     So  ^/^^ 

A  s©  far  as  known,  no  copy  of  this  book/eXlisfevjio^.     A  press  was  X^i^' 

j/  established  at  Lima  Peru,  about    1584.     The  Srst  pnnting  press  _j£3  // 

^  'ii__North    America    was    erej^ted    at    Cambridge,    Massachusets,  -c/ 

~     "ft  through  the  e^rts  of  the  Rev.  Joss  or  Jessj^e  Glover,  who  died  ^ 

&■'  while  bringing  the  materials  to  that  place      Glovers  wife  married  \ 

i  I  -^'fr.  Henry  Dunsterthe  president  of  Harvard  C^lege,  ai^d  he  resumed  0/ a-<^/ 

■^c.  the  management  of  the  ^ress.     It  was  op^erated  by  Stephen  Day.  Jl    e.i. 

tJ  a  workman  who  sailed  with   Glover,   in    1639   it  ife  issued   "Th'^  cl-va^/cA 

\    t   (r  gj  Freenian's  Oath"  and  an  almanac.     Its  first  important  work  was  / 

•'i  i,  V  ■^Z  WftePThe  Bay  Ps^  Book,"  printed  in  1640.  0 

0/  'Printing  was  begtm  (ifi  lOT^in  Boston\t>y  John  Foster.     The  ^tt-. 

CU  first    press    in    Philadelphia "trss    set    by    William    Bradford    and  -*-/^    '/ 

/  the  ft^^t  work  issued  by  him  was  an  almanac ^in   1685.      Bradford  o^/ »/ 

>W  afterward ^moved  to  New  York  and  begytn  printing  in  that/ity  «o/  «>/ 

v\  e^fey  in  1605. 

Amofig   the   earj^   books   odblished   in  America,  a/ few   still 

X,     l^/  retai'n  lhei=e-  intere^,   for  o^Hv^nbt  th^r  o^aititncss  bmt  because  '^  <      •  / 

Jpi  of  thooiiiuence  tjxey  have  ex/rted  on  the/^atfbnal  character  j<.  //> 

'-_  John   Cotton's  CateTRism.   or  "MU.k  for  Bab/es."   first  issuei.  -zz   ck,.  J- 

-  in  England,  was  reprinted  at  Cambridge,  Massachusjfetts,  in  1656.  o?, 

•v^dt   tA  This    ^atechl.=;m    ■was    aftprwarHi  inrlnrlfH   in   nnot>if>r    fami/iic    VinAl-  a  I 


This  /atechism  was  afterwards  included  in  another  fam/us  book.  0/ 


"The  New  England  Primer,"  the  first  edition  of  which  is  supposed 

to  have  appearedVbetween  i 687  and  i6qo.     The  ©»iy  feature  which  »-v>-cy 

n   I  Q  .            rnust    have    made     the    Primer    poj^ar   with     children    was    \\f  *^/ K 

/     /            illustrations,  especialv  the  rvmed  alphabet  cuts.     HJ  j. 


Copyright   1904.  Printed  by 

by  The  John  C.  Winston  Co, 

Adfele  Millicent  Smith  Philadelphia 


Exercises  in  Proofreading 

BY 

Adele  Millicent  Smith 


Exercise  XV — Corrected 

e^cvCCCL  I BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN 

Benjamin    Franklin    was    bom    in    Boston    on    the    iT.   oT  -^/rs. 

v\  «|  January,  1706,  and  died  in  Philadelph/a,  on  the  17th  of  ApriL  i/  0/ 

0^/  >£  1790-     He  begv(n  his   apprenticeship  as  a  printer  in    17^8,   and  // 

^  worked  as  a  joiimey^Vnan  in  Phil9fdelphia  in  1724,  and  in  in- London  «•/  ^ 

S^  worked  go  a  journey  man  in  Philcdolphia  in  1724,  and  in  in  London  ^ 

in   1725.     He  returned  to  Philadelphia  m   J726,  and  sees  began  X^Ctyui,/ 

-fy  as  master  yrinter  in  1729.     As  editor  and  publisher  he  tii«4:«  made  A-^rv^ 

C;    -A^/  himself  a  man  of  note.     He  vented  the  Pranklin  stove  in  1742/  •/ 

w  he  proved   the   identity   of  lighting  and   eleoftricity   in    1752.  he  i  / 


^r      -C'l.  ^as  made  GHerk  of  the  Assembly  in  1736;   postmaster  of  Philadel-  %^  •^' 

^^  '*•    W  i-epresentative  of  Peij^ylvania  before  the  Cplincil  of  Engalnd  in  ^/  j^ 

^  1 752\^"d  again  in  1764;  dele^gate  to /ojigress  in  1775;  ambassador  ^    0/ 

■£.., 


-)!  9\  i757^nd  again  in  1764;  dele^gate  to  jfengress  in  1775;  ambassador 

$1            to  France  in  177/;    commissioner  .to  England  in  1783;    President  „. 

of  Pennsylvania  from  1 7 8 5  to  1 7 8 7 ;  delegate  i»d9i^ the  Constitutional  t?/ 

7/            Convention  in  178^.  ' 


The  Practice  of  Typography: 

Theodore  Low  DeVinne  JXi.^    O 

'A 


p  /*^  In  1732/ Franklin  issued  the  first  number/ of  "Poor  Richards  X     ^ 

-^/oA  Almanac,"  which  was  pub)iflished  every  year/ for  a  quarter  of  a  ^K 

cj    0/ J.  A  ^entury-^"Poor  Richard"   made   Franklin   famous.      He   had  — 

o?^    c-/  0/  -i^ft^  noticed  that  in  many  h/mes  this  alman/c  was  THe  only  book.  eu/ 

t//  S/  H^    therefon  filled    the   space^  between    the     remark/ble    days    in  9J/ 

^/ Ll  if  the  cal^nd/r  with  proverbal    sentences/ inculcating   industry  and'  Jl  —   y. 

'      '    /  frugality  as  the  means  of  obtaining  wealth  and  therebyo"  according  «>»  c7 

f,  to  Franklin^  belief)   securing  virtue;    •^  for  he  though^  that  the  t^    4r/ 

f'"^/  way  to  make  people  Jia^w  was  to  help  them  to  be-fio^    j  --^^^.^^U^  I 

-^     1  CTo    the    counsels    oiyPoor    Richard  are  dwe  tn    .^nrn?^  extent  "^""^fT^/ 

i/K  )l  the  shrewd,  industro^s  and  thrifty  habits  of  the  typical  Americanij  ill 


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